fracture in the arm

structure of bone
1. bone cells
  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteocytes
  3. osteoclast
  4. osteoprogenitor cells
2. bone matrix
  1. organic part
  2. inorganic part
3. periosteum
bone classifications
1. by shape
  1. irregular bones
  2. sesamoid bones
  3. flat bones
  4. short bones
  5. long bones
    1. humerus
      1. anatomy
      2. muscles
        anterior compartment
        biceps brachii
        flexor of elbow joint
        supinator of the forearm
        coracobrachialis
        flexor of shoulder joint
        brachialis
        flexor of elbow joint
        posterior compartment
        triceps brachii
        extender of the elbow joint
2. gross observation
  1. compact bone
  2. spongy bone
3. microscopic observation
  1. primary bone
  2. secondary bone
bone fractuers
1. cuases
  1. twisting force
  2. compression force
  3. bending
  4. tension force
2. Types
  1. transverse
  2. linear
  3. oblique
  4. spiral
  5. open fractures
    1. bone protruding from the skin
  6. closed fractures
3. clinical features
  1. swelling or bruising
  2. deformity
  3. pain
  4. loss of function
4. management
  1. reduction
    1. open
      1. wires
      2. pins
      3. plates
      4. screws
    2. closed
    3. causes
      1. relieve pain
      2. prevent mal-union
  2. immobilization
    1. bandage
    2. cast
    3. splint
    4. plaster of paris
    5. effects of immobilization
      1. decreased muscle tone
      2. psychological stress
  3. rahabilitation
    1. physiotherapy of the hand
      1. prayer stretch
        wrist deviations
      2. wrist flexion\extension
      3. finger flexion\extention
      4. supination\pronation
first aid managment of injured arm
1. stop any bleeding
2. immobilize the injured area
3. apply ice to limit swelling
4. treat for shock
healing
1. factors affecting the duration
  1. type of bone fracture
  2. patients's age
  3. infection
  4. mobility of fracture site
  5. disturbance of blood supply
2. types
  1. secondary
    1. callus formation
      1. stages
        1.hematoma forms
        2.fibrocartilaginous forms
        3.bonycallus forms
        4.bone remodelling occurs
  2. primary
    1. no callus formation
wrist and finger drop
1. causes
  1. broken arm or other injury
  2. diabetes
  3. lead poisoning
  4. long-term pressure on the nerve
  5. improper use of crutches
2. injury to the radial nerve
  1. diagnosis
    1. X-Rays
    2. magnetic resonance imaging
    3. nerve conduction test
  2. treatment
    1. pain medicine
    2. splint or cast
    3. surgery
    4. physical therapy
clinical examination of the upper arm and elbow joint
1. observation
2. feel
3. palpate
4. move
5. special tests
  1. tennis elbow
  2. golfers elbow
conditioning
1. classical conditioning
  1. generalized
  2. extinction
  3. discrimination
2. operant coditioning
  1. neutral
  2. reinforcers
  3. punishers

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fracture in the arm

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	Criado por yasmin alkhatib mais de 7 anos atrás