Year 1 Childhood: Bones :)

There are different types of bone shape. Bone shape is primarily dependent upon bone [blank_start]function[blank_end]. There are 5 main types. 1. The patella is an example of a [blank_start]sesamoid[blank_end] bone (as are most of the knobbly bits in the body.) 2. The pelvic bones are examples of [blank_start]irregular[blank_end] bones. 3. The femur and humerus are both [blank_start]long[blank_end] bones. 4. Bones in the skull are [blank_start]flat[blank_end] bones. 5. The carpals are examples of [blank_start]short[blank_end] bones.

Which of these influence bone shape?

Which is NOT true regarding the axial skeleton?

Differentiation of the sclerotome begins with the activation of [blank_start]HOX[blank_end] [blank_start]genes[blank_end]. These genes also played a role, of course, in fetal development.

The embryological origin of the [blank_start]appendicular[blank_end] skeleton (for example, the bones of the arms and legs) is the [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]plate[blank_end] of the [blank_start]mesoderm[blank_end].

In embryological development, the [blank_start]trilaminar[blank_end] [blank_start]disk[blank_end] has three layers: ectoderm (outer), endoderm (inner), and mesoderm (middle). The ectoderm gives rise to the forces interacting with the exterior, such as the skin, nail, hair and [blank_start]autonomic[blank_end] [blank_start]nervous[blank_end] system. The endoderm gives rise to the GI tract, [blank_start]epithelial[blank_end] [blank_start]lining[blank_end], liver, and pancreas. The mesoderm gets more special. There are 4 main types: -[blank_start]chordamesoderm[blank_end] (which leads to the formation of the notochord) -the [blank_start]paraxial[blank_end] mesoderm (AKA the somite.) -[blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]plate[blank_end] mesoderm (most posterior part--> appendicular skeleton) -the [blank_start]intermediate[blank_end] mesoderm (urogenital system)

Cartilage is actually part of the myotome, not the sclerotome.

What else does the lateral plate mesoderm give rise to?

Somite's 3 parts: (alphabetical order) 1. [blank_start]Dermatome[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Myotome[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Sclerotome[blank_end]

Embryologically speaking, [blank_start]neural[blank_end] [blank_start]crest[blank_end] cells become [blank_start]schwann[blank_end] cells, which produce myelin sheath and are the surrounding coat on nerves.

Ossification is a embryological process.

Intramembranous ossification involves hyaline cartilage.

Which of these are characteristics of cartilage?

The primary purpose of the hyaline cartilage is to provide stability for the osteoblasts as the bone develops further.

There are two primary components of the periosteal bud: the [blank_start]periosteal[blank_end] [blank_start]capillaries[blank_end] (which are important for nutrients/waste exchange) and [blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end].

What leads to the breakdown of the hyaline cartilage skeleton?

Noncalcified bone matrix is referred to as the [blank_start]osteoid[blank_end]. Osteocytes specifically can be found in the bone [blank_start]lacunae[blank_end].

Where can you find red bone marrow?

How does the medullary cavity come about?

What is true regarding trabecular bone?

The most functional unit of bone is called a(n) [blank_start]osteon[blank_end].

A bundle of tightly packed osteocytes is known as an osteon.

Compact bone borderlines the rim of [blank_start]trabecular[blank_end] bone. It is created through bone [blank_start]remodelling[blank_end].

Bone remodeling eliminates spongy bone only partially.

Yellow Marrow is within [blank_start]long[blank_end] bones and is rich of [blank_start]lipids[blank_end].

What is true regarding red bone marrow?

The defining characteristic of flat bones is their appearance: [blank_start]compact[blank_end] bone--[blank_start]spongy[blank_end] bone--[blank_start]compact[blank_end] bone

What is true regarding periosteum?

What is longitudinal growth in bones referred to as?

Bones grow in terms of length, width, and thickness.

What feature of the periosteum enables it to produce more bone matrix if needed.

Like the periosteum, the perichondrium can lay down more cartilage if needed.

What is the blood supply for the joint?

The [blank_start]periosteal[blank_end] artery, [blank_start]nutrient[blank_end] artery, and [blank_start]nutrient[blank_end] vein all go through the nutrient foramina of bones.

The [blank_start]periosteal[blank_end] nerve is the general nerve supply of bones. It contains sensory nerve fibers, and is especially useful to carry [blank_start]pain[blank_end] messages up to the brain.

Non-remodelled bone is brittle and easy to break

What can lead to resorption? (best answer)

Blood clots form in the surrounding cleft of the fracture to avoid total blockage of blood, considering vasculaturre is necessary for healing.

What is of clinical relevance regarding greenstick fractures?

A [blank_start]comminuted[blank_end] fracture is when the bone shatters into more than 2 pieces.

An open fracture (also called a [blank_start]compound[blank_end] fracture) is when bone is poking out of skin or soft tissue. It is very common in [blank_start]wrist[blank_end] injuries, such as falling on an outstretched hand.

What is of clinical relevance regarding compression fractures?

What types are these hmmm? (all lower case questions)

What types are these??? (all lower case; first one is a bonus!)

What type of fracture is particularly common in sports injuries

An [blank_start]impacted[blank_end] fracture is when the bone kind of bends inwards, bucking and snapping upon itself.

What is of clinical relevance regarding epiphyseal plate fractures?

Which of these are typical symptoms of fractures?

What is a possible complication of fractures due the break in bone's circulation?

Standard for treating open fractures: 1. [blank_start]Analgesia[blank_end] (pain relief) 2. [blank_start]Immobilization[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Antibiotics[blank_end] (usually Flucloxacillin because mainly gram [blank_start]positive[blank_end] bacteria reside on skin) 4. [blank_start]Tetanus[blank_end] [blank_start]Prophalaxis[blank_end] (vaccination) 5. Clean wound (with sterile [blank_start]saline[blank_end] [blank_start]isotonic[blank_end] solution at low [blank_start]pressure[blank_end])

We give the tetanus prophalaxis vaccination as a precaution aginst [blank_start]tetanus[blank_end] because tetanus is a [blank_start]bacterial[blank_end] infection and can happen if the open fracture comes in contact with [blank_start]rust[blank_end], dirt, saliva, or [blank_start]manure[blank_end].

Why is tetanus referred to as "Lockjaw?"

Splints are favored over casts by patients due to easy usage.

How does a cast work?

casts have a higher chance of complications than splints do

One potential complication of a cast is [blank_start]compartment[blank_end] [blank_start]syndrome[blank_end]. This is when fluid accumulates in the [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] compartments, causing increased pressure. This may lead to the tissue to starve for [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] and [blank_start]nutrients[blank_end]. Presentation: Due to the change in pressure, it is very [blank_start]painful[blank_end]. The compartment is also very [blank_start]tense[blank_end] at touch. It will seem to have [blank_start]less[blank_end] color than usual, be [blank_start]pulseless[blank_end], and have a tingly feeling ([blank_start]paresthesia[blank_end].)

What are possible complications of wearing a cast?

What is FALSE about buddy taping?

Clinical relevance of K-wires?