Questão 1
Questão
Learning point: A good way to remember layers of the cranium is with the acronym SCALP
[blank_start]Skin[blank_end]
[blank_start]Connective Tissue[blank_end]
[blank_start]Aponeurosis[blank_end]
[blank_start]Loose Connective Tissue[blank_end]
[blank_start]Pericranium[blank_end]
Responda
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Skin
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Connective Tissue
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Aponeurosis
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Pericranium
Questão 2
Questão
The central structure of a eukaryotic neuron responsible for producing rRNA is called the [blank_start]nucleolus[blank_end]
Questão 3
Questão
Acute neuronal injury, whereby hypoxia/ischaemia causes irreversible damage to the neuronal cell (loss of nucleolus, etc) is known as ...
Responda
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Red neuron
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White neuron
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Yellow neuron
Questão 4
Questão
The most important histological indicator of CNS injury is [blank_start]gliosis[blank_end].
Questão 5
Questão
Gliosis is acute [blank_start]hyperplasia[blank_end] and [blank_start]hypertrophy[blank_end] of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) and is a major indicator of CNS damage.
Responda
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hyperplasia
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hypoplasia
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hypertrophy
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atrophy
Questão 6
Questão
Which type of glial cell is typically damaged as part of demyelinating conditions such as multiple sclerosis?
Responda
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Oligodendrocytes
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Schwann cells
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Astrocytes
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Microglia
Questão 7
Questão
The immune mediators of the CNS are called ...
Responda
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Microglia
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Oligodendrocytes
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Astrocytes
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Natural Killer cells
Questão 8
Questão
Are brain infarctions more frequently embolic or thrombotic?
Questão 9
Questão
Cerebral infarction (due to e.g. thrombosis or emboli) is more prevalent in women than men.
Questão 10
Questão
Differentiate thrombotic from embolic cerebral infarction:
[blank_start]Thrombotic[blank_end] = Atherosclerotic segment formed in the arteries of the brain
[blank_start]Embolic[blank_end] = Substance formed elsewhere in the body (commonly internal carotid, aortic arch or heart) that travels to the brain in the blood and becomes lodged, thus causing infarction.
Responda
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Embolic
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Thrombotic
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Thrombotic
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Embolic
Questão 11
Questão
Venous thrombi (red thrombi) typically form via blood stasis in which bodily organ?
The [blank_start]heart[blank_end]
Would this cause an embolic or thrombotic cerebral infarction?
[blank_start]Embolic[blank_end] cerebral infarction
Questão 12
Questão
In which artery of the brain is a thrombus most likely to form?
Questão 13
Questão
Approximately 48 hours after a cerebral infarct, neutrophils are no longer the predominant cell type. What is the dominant cell type?
[blank_start]Microglial[blank_end] cells
Questão 14
Questão
In terms of Haemorrhagic infarcts, match the site of lesion to the clinical findings.
[blank_start]Carotid artery disease[blank_end]: Contralateral weakness or sensory loss. If dominant hemisphere may experience aphasia/apraxia
[blank_start]Middle cerebral artery[blank_end]: Weakness predominantly contralateral face and arm
[blank_start]Anterior cerebral artery[blank_end]: Weakness and sensory loss in contralateral leg
[blank_start]Vertebro-basilar artery disease[blank_end]: Vertigo, Ataxia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia, among other brain stem syndromes
Questão 15
Questão
Which clinical condition is the biggest risk factor for stroke?
[blank_start]Hypertension[blank_end]
Questão 16
Questão
Hypertension typically predisposes to which type of stroke?
Responda
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Total Anterior Circulation Syndrome
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Partial Anterior Circulation Stroke
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Posterior Circulation Syndrome
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Lacunar Stroke
Questão 17
Questão
What is the most common type of stroke?
[blank_start]Lacunar[blank_end] stroke
Questão 18
Questão
Intracerebral haemorrhages most typically occur in the ...
Responda
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Basal Ganglia
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Thalamus
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Cerebellum
Questão 19
Questão
What are the most common vascular malformations?
Questão 20
Questão
Arteriovenous Malformations...
Involve shunting from [blank_start]artery to vein[blank_end], leading to formation of easily ruptured smooth muscle and aneurysms
Typically occur in the territory of the [blank_start]middle[blank_end] cerebral artery
Responda
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middle
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anterior
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posterior
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artery to vein
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vein to artery
Questão 21
Questão
Subarachnoid haemorrhages most typically occur due to rupture of [blank_start]berry[blank_end] aneurysms. 90% of subarachnoid haemorrhages occur in the territory of the [blank_start]internal carotid[blank_end] artery.