Ageing Block

There is a decreased absorption of [blank_start]acidic[blank_end] drugs such as phenytoin, aspirin and penicillins in elderly patients due to an increasingly [blank_start]alkaline[blank_end] gastric pH

Elderly people have a [blank_start]higher[blank_end] volume of distribution of lipophilic drugs than the general population.

Grapefruit Juice, in theory, causes myalgia in patients who take which of the following medication types?

Cranberry juice is known to lower a patient's INR, thus making thromboembolism more likely.

The end of a human chromosome, which progressively shortens within each cell replication, is called the [blank_start]telomere[blank_end]

In humans, a telomere consists of multiple repeats of which single motif:

Relating to telomeres, the [blank_start]Hayflick[blank_end] limit is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops

Sepsis in elderly patients usually presents with [blank_start]a decreased[blank_end] temperature

Delirium typically has a [blank_start]fluctuating[blank_end] course

[blank_start]Hypoactive[blank_end] delirium has twice the mortality rate of [blank_start]hyperactive[blank_end] delirium

In terms of the 4AT score: In terms of Alertness, a patient who has mild sleepiness for <10s after waking then is normal receives which score?

In terms of the 4AT score: A patient whose alertness is judged to be 'clearly abnormal' would receive a score of ...

In terms of the 4AT score: After Alertness, the second part of the 4AT score assesses AMT4, which involves the patient stating their age, DOB, where they are and the current year. No mistakes warrants a score of [blank_start]0[blank_end] 1 mistake warrants a score of [blank_start]1[blank_end] 2 or more mistakes warrants a score of [blank_start]2[blank_end]

In terms of the 4AT score: After assessing 4AT, the patient has their attention span assessed. In order to do this, the patient is asked to name the months of the year backwards from December. Achieves 7 months or more correctly = [blank_start]0[blank_end] Starts but scores <7 months/refuses to start = [blank_start]1[blank_end] Untestable (too unwell, too drowsy, etc) = [blank_start]2[blank_end]

In terms of the 4AT score: After testing attention, the last parameter which is tested is the presence of an acute or fluctuating course (i.e. evidence of significant change or fluctuation in alertness, cognition, etc) A fluctuating course warrants a score of [blank_start]4[blank_end]

The maximum score a patient can get for the 4AT is

In delirious patients, which medication is first line for sedation if it is needed (e.g. if patient is psychotic or refusing to stay in bed)? [blank_start]Haloperidol[blank_end]

For sedation of delirious patients, Haloperidol should be given intramuscularly.

Delirium is a risk factor for developing dementia

Age related loss of muscle mass and function is called [blank_start]sarcopenia[blank_end]

Muscle mass starts to decline as of age [blank_start]30[blank_end]

The suggested target for physical activity in the elderly population (65+) is the same as it is for the adult population (18-64)

Weekly Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults (18-64) and Elderly (65+): [blank_start]150[blank_end] minutes of moderate intensity activity OR [blank_start]75[blank_end] minutes of vigorous intensity activity Strength and balance work should also be included at least [blank_start]2[blank_end] times per week

Which of the following has been shown to increase muscle function associated with sarcopenia in elderly patients?

When stepping up a patient from codeine to morphine for analgesia, the following must be considered: 10mg of Codeine is equivalent to [blank_start]1[blank_end]mg of morphine.

In order to convert the dosage of MST Morphine to the equivalent dosage of Oramorph, you divide the former by [blank_start]6[blank_end]. For example, a patient on 60mg of MST would take [blank_start]10[blank_end]mg of Oramorph to have the same effect.

Smoothest delivery of medicines in palliative care patients is via a continuous subcutaneous infusion using a [blank_start]syringe[blank_end] driver

In terms of using Syringe Drivers to administer medications in the elderly, how many different medicines can be mixed together in one syringe?

Morphine is [blank_start]two times[blank_end] as potent when given subcutaneously (as opposed to oral administration)

Arrange the steps of pharmacokinetics in order starting with the point the drug enters the body. [blank_start]Absorption[blank_end] [blank_start]Distribution[blank_end] [blank_start]Metabolism[blank_end] [blank_start]Excretion[blank_end]

Elderly people typically have a [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] small bowel surface area

Protein binding of drugs: [blank_start]Albumin[blank_end] binds to Acidic Drugs [blank_start]Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein[blank_end] binds to Alkaline Drugs

Elderly patients typically have [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] albumin levels and [blank_start]increased[blank_end] alpha-1 acid glycoprotein levels

Elderly patients typically have a [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] body water level.

Very importantly, the Volume of Distribution of Hydrophilic drugs (lithium, digoxin, etc) in elderly patients is [blank_start]decreased[blank_end].

It is generally accepted that higher doses of medications are needed to achieve the same effects in the elderly population.

Which of the following minerals interferes with levothyroxine

Verapamil (CCB) should never been given with which drug type, for fear of causing symptomatic heart block?