Physiology

Depolarization travels to sarcolemma - T tubules - T type Calcium channels are opened

Calcium released into the cytoplasm - 80%

Calcium that is released will activate Calcium release channels in the lateral sacs

1&2 are wrong

All of them are wrong

Decrease in diameter increases the Reynold's number - mechanism in Aortic Stenosis

Severe Aortic stenosis (affecting the cardiac output) the increase in velocity - causes an increase in Reynold's number

In high altitude a decrease in viscosity will increase the Reynold's number

All of the above

Aortic regurgitation

Exercise

AV fistula

Pulmonary regurgitation

Catecholamines increase the contracility

Digitalis depresses the myocardium thereby decreasing contractility

Frequent stimulation increases the contractality

To assess contractility the preload has to be constant

Increase in Systolic pressure because of increase in cardiac output

decrease in diastolic pressure because of increase in peripheral vascular resistance due to increased sympathetic activity

increased pulse pressure

decreased firing of the baroreceptors

Systolic pressure is decreased

Diastolic pressure is increased

Pulse pressure increased

Peripheral vascular resistance increased

Aortic Stenosis

Mitral stenosis

Coarctation of aorta

femoral arterial obstruction

Autoregulation is by which the constancy of flow is maintained with change in mean arterial pressure

Metabolites in the blood cause arteriolar vasodilation

Brain tissue pH if low causes cerebral vasodilation

The level of blood pH has little effect n cerebral blood flow

It is a reflex

Brain, heart and skeletal muscle are examples of autoregulation

Kidney and gut do not have autoregulation