Development of Postural Control & Reactions

Developmental milestones are physical/behavioral signs of development or maturation.

Developmental milestones are used for all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following are limitations with the milestone concept?

[blank_start]Movement[blank_end] is the act of moving (ex: crawling) [blank_start]Posture[blank_end] is the core strength, tone, and stability that helps the way one positions their body Both help to achieve a motor task/goal

Postural stability provides foundation for simple and complex movements.

Which of the following are the two theories strictly associated with the development of movement?

When movement occurs as the nervous system matures: [blank_start]hierarchical[blank_end] When movement emerges from an interaction between the nervous system, body, environment, and the task: [blank_start]systems view[blank_end] [blank_start]In hierarchical[blank_end]: - reflexes are distinct from voluntary movement and must be suppressed/inhibited - reflexes reappear if there is CNS damage or if needed to support certain activities [blank_start]In Systems Approach[blank_end]: - [blank_start]Nonlinear[blank_end] --> multiple interacting subsystems including: body build characteristics, musculoskeletal, arousal, sensory, perceptual interacting with immediate environment - [blank_start]Behavior[blank_end] as emergent; no central pattern generator; even reflexes are not hardwired but the result of the convergence of multiple systems

Which is not a characteristic of the stepping reflex?

If there is a loss of a stepping reflex, how would they present themselves in the two theories? increase in weight in legs, but infant can still demonstrate reflex in water --> [blank_start]dynamic system[blank_end] maturation of higher brain centers/nervous system --> [blank_start]hierarchial[blank_end]

Culture does not have an impact on early motor development and reflexes.

How are posture and movement related?

Which of the following are the theoretical basis of the spatiotemporal adaptation theory? (check all that apply).

Does the spatiotemporal theory place emphasis on sensory-motor-sensory relationship?

According to the spatiotemporal adaptation theory, if a child cannot complete a task such as walking, they will:

What are the four components of the spatiotemporal adaptation theory?

[blank_start]Movement[blank_end]: primitive to efficient; environmental challenges support development of complex thinking and acting; both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated [blank_start]Spiraling Continuum[blank_end]: Environmental stimulation/challenges cause “spatiotemporal stress” versus “distress” [blank_start]Adaptation[blank_end]: process of expanding child’s repertoire of movements and activities [blank_start]Environment[blank_end]: Child, others, objects, supporting surface, gravitational and 3 dimensional space

These are the environmental components of spatiotemporal adaptation: [blank_start]Holding Function[blank_end]: supports/embeds the infant [blank_start]Challenge[blank_end]: helps child reach higher levels of potential [blank_start]Interactive[blank_end]: promotes back-and-forth between self and environment [blank_start]Facilitating[blank_end]: provides source of stimulation- motivation to move

Which of the following are characteristics of the spiraling continuum?

How is the spiraling continuum process stalled in children with disabilities?

What are lower level strategies used during a normal course of development?

Check all of the following that represent the spatiotemporal adaptation theory.

Stress is the alteration of equilibrium in a child that causes them to make an adjustment within an environment to return to equilibrium.

[blank_start]Muscle tone[blank_end]- gives muscle rigidity; (enough tension on muscle for weight shift with enough give for quick changes in movement) [blank_start]Postural tone[blank_end]-adds to muscle tone in extensor muscles that work against gravity [blank_start]Postural fixation[blank_end]- acts to maintain joint position against internal or external force; obtained by joint co-contraction of antagonist muscles around the joints Postural strategies distribute postural tone where needed to [blank_start]hold positions[blank_end] and/or for [blank_start]redistributing tone[blank_end] in anticipation of or during changes in position

Posture is the movement of body segments at any given time.

Rank the following movement components from least complex (lowest level) to most complex (highest level): [blank_start]1[blank_end] - Physiological Flexion [blank_start]4[blank_end] - Lateral Flexion & Rotation [blank_start]3[blank_end] - Flexion (against gravity) [blank_start]2[blank_end] - Extension (against gravity)

Which of the following are primitive reflexes?

Rank the following postural control/movement patterns from 1-4 in the order that they develop: Unilateral weight shift/movement -- [blank_start]3[blank_end] Bilateral weight shift/movement -- [blank_start]2[blank_end] Weight bearing -- [blank_start]1[blank_end] Contralateral weight shift/movement -- [blank_start]4[blank_end]

Which of the following are phasic reflexes?

Phasic reflexes activate muscles/groups through full range/mobility but do not have a weight bearing function.

Which of the phasic reflexes is associated with hypersensitivity, stimulus bound effect, sensory overload, and anxiety if it persists in the older child?

Which is not a characteristic of the development of antigravity movement?

Which of the following define tonic reflexes? (check all that apply)

Which type of reflex is this?

Check all that apply to rotational righting.

Which is not a characteristic of optical righting?

Research has shown that full-term infants sleeping non-prone have delays in motor milestones and lower scores on developmental screening measures than infants who slept prone.