Psychosis & Schizophrenia

Brian believes that his parents are trying to poison him because the government are controlling them. Which psychopathology term is most appropriate?

When Brian listens to the radio he can hear voices from elsewhere in the room telling him he must not think about the military information he has been given

Which of the following describes the belief that one's thoughts or actions are controlled by an external agent?

Brian believes that news articles on the television about world leaders’ phones being tapped are actually talking about him as he holds important government information

Schizophrenia is known to have a 78% heritability

What is heritability?

Schizophrenia is known to be caused by viral illness in the [blank_start]2nd[blank_end] trimester of pregnancy

Taking heroin makes an individual very liable to drug-induced psychosis

Patients with schizophrenia tend to have enlarged ventricles in their brain

The reductions in cerebral grey matter seen in schizophrenia patients is attributable to reduced arborisation, which is ...

How many layers of grey matter exist in the brain?

Things that cause an increase of [blank_start]dopamine[blank_end] in the brain are known to cause a psychotic state in humans.

The mesolimbic pathway (reward system) originates in the [blank_start]ventral tegmental[blank_end] area of the midbrain.

Blockade of dopamine receptors in the [blank_start]nigrostriatal[blank_end] pathway can cause some of the symptoms associated with antipsychotics such as Haloperidol, for example dystonia, parkinsonian symptoms and akathisia

The Nigrostriatal Pathway originates in the [blank_start]Substantia Nigra[blank_end] and projects to the Dorsal Striatum

Atypical Antipsychotic: [blank_start]Quetiapine[blank_end] Typical Antipsychotic: [blank_start]Haloperidol[blank_end]

Is olanzapine a typical or atypical antipsychotic?

[blank_start]Atypical[blank_end] antipsychotics are more likely to cause metabolic syndrome as a side effect [blank_start]Typical[blank_end] antipsychotics are more likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms as a side effect

The action of Haloperidol is antagonism of mainly [blank_start]dopamine[blank_end] receptors

The action of Olanzapine is mainly as an antagonist of [blank_start]serotonin[blank_end] receptors

Extrapyramidal side effects of typical antipsychotics are caused by a D2 blockade affecting which dopaminergic pathway?

Match the extrapyramidal side effect to its description: [blank_start]Acute Dystonic Reaction[blank_end]: Sudden onset painful involuntary muscle spasm, usually affecting the neck/back/eye [blank_start]Parkinsonism[blank_end]: Onset of tremor and muscle stiffness [blank_start]Akathisia[blank_end]: A feeling of inner restlessness and inability to stay still [blank_start]Tardive Dyskinesia[blank_end]: Involuntary, repetitive body movements (typically orofacial) that can include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips

Which of the following extra-pyramidal symptoms typically takes years to develop (due to chronic antipsychotic use) and is very difficult to treat?

Some of the extrapyramidal side effects an be successfully treated using which one of the following medication types?

Which two of the following extrapyramidal side effects can be easily treated via anticholinergic medications?

Dopamine Blockade also affects the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway, leading to a buildup of which pituitary hormone?

Hyperprolactinaemia also causes lower oestrogen and testosterone levels, causing [blank_start]osteoporosis[blank_end].

Metabolic syndrome is a known complication of atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine that antagonise serotonin receptors. Metabolic syndrome can only be diagnosed when at least 3 of which 5 symptoms are present in a patient?

Brian finds that the olanzapine helps him to sleep much better at night. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in this effect?

After taking Haloperidol, Brian develops a tremor and muscular stiffness. Which neuroreceptors are primarily involved in this effect?

Which antipsychotic is least likely to cause a recurrence of his parkinsonism?

Haloperidol antagonises dopamine receptors in the pituitary gland. Which side effect is caused by this?

After two failed trials of antipsychotics, which specific antipsychotic is usually given, under close observation? [blank_start]Clozapine[blank_end]

Patients taking Clozapine have their blood checked very often (once a week for first 6 months) as these patients are liable to developing [blank_start]agranulocytosis[blank_end], which could kill them.