Bleeding in Early Pregnancy

In terms of trimesters of pregnancy: First Trimester - Completes at [blank_start]13[blank_end] weeks Second Trimester - Completes at [blank_start]28[blank_end] weeks Third Trimester - Completes at [blank_start]40[blank_end] weeks

Abnormal site of fertilisation and implantation is known as an [blank_start]ectopic[blank_end] pregnancy

Internal Os: [blank_start]Opening into uterus from the cervix[blank_end] External Os: [blank_start]Opening into vagina from cervix[blank_end]

Which scanning modality is used to estimate the length of gestation?

Which hormone, produced by the placenta during pregnancy, confirms that a women is pregnant?

Miscarriage is expulsion of a viable fetus from the womb before it is able to survive independently. What do you call a pregnancy whereby the embryo that was fertilisation was never viable in the first place? A [blank_start]Molar[blank_end] pregnancy

A recently pregnant woman presents to you with vaginal bleeding and what she describes as 'period cramping'. She describes that she passed small products when using the toilet 20 minutes ago. This woman has likely had a [blank_start]miscarriage[blank_end]

Stages of miscarriage: Threatened = [blank_start]External Os closed[blank_end] Inevitable = [blank_start]Products sited at open External Os[blank_end] Complete = [blank_start]Products in vagina[blank_end]

Which autoantibody disease causes recurrent miscarriage? [blank_start]Antiphospholipid Syndrome[blank_end]

The main two autoantibodies indicative of antiphospholipid syndrome are ...

Recurrent miscarriage is defined as ...

Where is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy?

A woman presents to A&E with sharp waves of lower abdominal pain, light vaginal bleeding and a feeling of dizziness. She describes these symptoms coming on over the past couple of days. If this patient were to have a positive hCG test, what would be the most likely diagnosis? [blank_start]Ectopic Pregnancy[blank_end]

Blood from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy can build up and irritate certain nerves, causing pain which is commonly referred to the tip of the [blank_start]shoulder[blank_end]

Which part of the fallopian tubes is most commonly affected by ectopic pregnancy (78% of ectopic pregnancies)? The [blank_start]Ampulla[blank_end]

Women suffering from ectopic pregnancy who are not in significant pain are offered a drug called [blank_start]Methotrexate[blank_end] first line if they are unable to return for follow-up. If they are able to return for follow-up, then watchful waiting is advised. If they are in significant pain, surgical management is advised.

Surgical management should be given to women who are experiencing significant pain as part of an ectopic pregnancy: Salpingectomy: [blank_start]Fallopian tube removed[blank_end] Salpingotomy: [blank_start]Fallopian tube preserved[blank_end]

Which type of abnormal pregnancy is described as looking like 'grape-like clusters'

Types of Molar Pregnancy: [blank_start]Complete Mole[blank_end]: Egg without DNA fertilised by 1 or 2 sperm, no foetus [blank_start]Partial Mole[blank_end]: Haploid egg fertilised by 1 or 2 sperm, may result in foetus

What does this picture show?

In both partial and complete molar pregnancies there is overgrowth of the ...

'Snowstorm' appearance on ultrasound is indicative of [blank_start]complete molar pregnancy[blank_end]

[blank_start]Implantation[blank_end] bleeding is an early sign of pregnancy and happens when a fertilised egg attaches itself to the lining of the uterus in order to begin growing. This occurs in around 1/3 of pregnant women and does not require any medical treatment.

The most common sign of implantation bleeding is vaginal bleeding or spotting that is ...

A pooling of blood between endometrium and the embryo due to separation is called a [blank_start]chorionic haematoma[blank_end]

Chorionic Haematoma is the most common cause of second trimester bleeding.

Chorionic haematomas are usually self limiting and don't require any intervention

[blank_start]Ectopic Pregnancy[blank_end]: Pain is the primary symptom [blank_start]Miscarriage[blank_end]: Vaginal bleeding is the primary symptom

A woman presents to A&E complaining of vaginal pain and bleeding. She has a low grade fever and is both bradycardic and hypotensive. As you are speaking to her it is obvious that she is very quickly deteriorating and becoming less responsive. Upon further investigation, the doctors confirm she has an inevitable miscarriage. This woman is likely suffering from [blank_start]cervical shock[blank_end]

If diagnosed with incomplete or missed miscarriage, a woman should be treated via [blank_start]expectant management[blank_end] for [blank_start]14[blank_end] days in order to try and bring about the expulsion of products.

If, after 14 days of expectant management, expulsion of products has not occurred, the woman should be offered medical management via [blank_start]Misoprostol[blank_end] in order to induce expulsion.

If a woman fails on both expectant and medical management of her incomplete/missed miscarriage, [blank_start]surgical[blank_end] intervention should be offered.

Intrauterine death before 20 weeks gestation with retained products of conception and little to no pelvic pain or bleeding is known as a [blank_start]missed[blank_end] miscarriage