Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
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Ishaemia
Define: [blank_start]Inadequare blood supply of tissue[blank_end] [blank_start]relative to its needs[blank_end]
Consequences: [blank_start]Hypoxia[blank_end], [blank_start]Malunutrition[blank_end], [blank_start]Build up of waste products[blank_end]
Causes: [blank_start]Cardiac arrest[blank_end], [blank_start]Arterial obstruction[blank_end], [blank_start]Venous obstruction[blank_end], C[blank_start]apillary damage[blank_end], [blank_start]Shock[blank_end]
E.g.: [blank_start]Heart attack[blank_end], [blank_start]Arteritis[blank_end], [blank_start]Bed sores[blank_end]
Question 4
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Effects of Congestion
Gradual onset - [blank_start]collateral circulation can develop so[blank_end] [blank_start]effects are minimised[blank_end]
Chronic congestion - [blank_start]continues for long time[blank_end] = [blank_start]serious effects[blank_end]
e.g [blank_start]Odema[blank_end], [blank_start]Hypoxia[blank_end], [blank_start]Haemorrhage[blank_end]
Question 5
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Ischaemia - [blank_start]Inadequate blood supply of a tissue[blank_end] [blank_start]relative to its needs[blank_end]
Infarction - [blank_start]Localised area of necrosis[blank_end] [blank_start]caused by ischemia[blank_end]
Hypoxia - [blank_start]Deficiency in the amount of oxygen[blank_end] [blank_start]reaching the tissue[blank_end]
Answer
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Inadequate blood supply of a tissue
-
relative to its needs
-
Localised area of necrosis
-
caused by ischemia
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Deficiency in the amount of oxygen
-
reaching the tissue
Question 6
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Acute infarct - [blank_start]Swelling of affected tissue[blank_end]
Colour: [blank_start]Dark red[blank_end]
Shape: [blank_start]Wedge[blank_end]
Question 7
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Sub-acute infarct - [blank_start]Degeneration and necrosis of ischaemia[blank_end] tissue
What happens:
[blank_start]Fluid forced[blank_end] out of area
[blank_start]Swelling[blank_end] decreases
Area becomes [blank_start]paler[blank_end]
Line of [blank_start]hyperaemia[blank_end]
Question 8
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Chronic infarct - [blank_start]affected tissue is pale and shrunken due[blank_end] to fibrosis
Fibrosis - [blank_start]Healing of the infarct[blank_end]
Question 9
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Thrombus - [blank_start]Blood clot/solid structure that forms[blank_end] within the [blank_start]flowing blood stream from the normal[blank_end] [blank_start]constituents of blood during life[blank_end]
Thrombosis - [blank_start]Process by which a thrombus forms[blank_end]
Embolus - [blank_start]Abnormal mass circulating in the blood[blank_end] stream
Embolism - [blank_start]Arrest of a circulating mass within[blank_end] a vessel
Answer
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Arrest of a circulating mass within
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Abnormal mass circulating in the blood
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Process by which a thrombus forms
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Blood clot/solid structure that forms
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flowing blood stream from the normal
-
constituents of blood during life
Question 10
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Three Components of Virchow's Triad
1. [blank_start]Endothelial Injury[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Abnormal Blood Flow[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Hypercoagulability[blank_end]/[blank_start]Abnormal blood composition[blank_end]
Question 11
Question 12
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Different types of embolus
1. [blank_start]Thromboemboli[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Gas[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Fat[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Neoplasms[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Foreign bodies[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Parasites[blank_end]
7. [blank_start]Clumps of bacteria[blank_end]
8. [blank_start]Pus[blank_end]
9. [blank_start]Injected material[blank_end]
Answer
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Thromboemboli
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Gas
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Fat
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Neoplasms
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Foreign bodies
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Parasites
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Clumps of bacteria
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Pus
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Injected material
Question 13
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Diapedesis - [blank_start]Small momentary spurting losses of blood[blank_end] [blank_start]occur between endothelial cell[blank_end] [blank_start]of otherwise normal capillaries[blank_end]
Haematoma - [blank_start]Local accumulation of blood[blank_end], [blank_start]usually clotted[blank_end]
Petechiae - [blank_start]Very small haemorrhagic spots[blank_end]
Ecchymoses - [blank_start]Slightly larger foci of haemorrhage[blank_end]
Bruising - [blank_start]Subcutaneous haemorrhage[blank_end]
Answer
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Subcutaneous haemorrhage
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Slightly larger foci of haemorrhage
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Very small haemorrhagic spots
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Local accumulation of blood
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usually clotted
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Small momentary spurting losses of blood
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occur between endothelial cell
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of otherwise normal capillaries
Question 14
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Haemorrhage Compensatory Mechanisms
1. [blank_start]Blood redistribution[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Restoration of blood volume[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]replacement of lost erythrocytes[blank_end]
Question 15
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Classifications of Shock
1. [blank_start]Hypovolaemic[blank_end] shock
2. [blank_start]Vasculogenic[blank_end] ([blank_start]septic[blank_end]) shock
3. [blank_start]Cardiogenic[blank_end] shock
Answer
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Hypovolaemic
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Vasculogenic
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septic
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Cardiogenic
Question 16
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Oedema - [blank_start]Excessive accumulation of tissue fluid[blank_end]
Anasarca - [blank_start]Generalised subcutaneous oedema[blank_end]
Ascites - [blank_start]Fluid in abdomen[blank_end]
Hydropericardium - [blank_start]Fluid in pericardical sac[blank_end]
Hydrothorax - [blank_start]Fluid in pleural cavity[blank_end]
Answer
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Fluid in pleural cavity
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Fluid in pericardical sac
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Fluid in abdomen
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Generalised subcutaneous oedema
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Excessive accumulation of tissue fluid
Question 17
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Starling's Equilibrium
Filtration Pressure = [blank_start]Hydrostatic pressure[blank_end] in plasma and tissues - [blank_start]Colloid osmotic pressure[blank_end] in plasma and tissues
Movement of [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] between [blank_start]vascular[blank_end] and [blank_start]extravascular[blank_end] compartments depends on the balance between [blank_start]hydrostatic pressure[blank_end] and [blank_start]colloid osmotic pressure[blank_end]
Answer
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Hydrostatic pressure
-
Colloid osmotic pressure
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vascular
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extravascular
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fluid
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hydrostatic pressure
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colloid osmotic pressure
Question 18
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Increased hydrostatic pressure
Results from:
[blank_start]Increased fluid pressure[blank_end] within vessels which overcomes the [blank_start]attractive osmotic force[blank_end] of [blank_start]circulating protein[blank_end] leading to a net increase in [blank_start]outflow of fluid[blank_end] that is not matched by [blank_start]reabsorption by venules[blank_end] or by [blank_start]increased removal by lymphatics[blank_end]
Question 19
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Decreased plasma oncotic (osmotic) pressure
A reduction in [blank_start]circulating proteins[blank_end]
[blank_start]Albumin[blank_end] is the most [blank_start]abundant[blank_end] protein and most [blank_start]effective osmotic force[blank_end]
Hypoalbuminaemia = [blank_start]most important cause[blank_end] of decreased osmotic pressure
Answer
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circulating proteins
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Albumin
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abundant
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effective osmotic force
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most important cause
Question 20
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Lymphatic Blockage
Seen if there is an [blank_start]extensive tumour invasion[blank_end] of a regional node OR
if [blank_start]lymph nodes are surgically removed[blank_end]
Question 21
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Increased vascular permeability
Most commonly results from [blank_start]inflammation[blank_end]
Increase in vascular permeability by [blank_start]increasing the size of the gaps[blank_end] between [blank_start]endothelial cells[blank_end]
Causes an increase in the loss of [blank_start]fluid[blank_end], [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] and [blank_start]inflammatory cells[blank_end]
Question 22
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Examples of Oedema
Pulmonary oedema
rise in [blank_start]pulmonary venous pressure[blank_end] causes [blank_start]leakage of fluid[blank_end] into the [blank_start]alveoli[blank_end] of the lung
Cerebral oedema
Oedema of the [blank_start]brain[blank_end]