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Audition

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Based on PUM physiology Audition presentation
Soheila Amri
Quiz by Soheila Amri, updated more than 1 year ago
Soheila Amri
Created by Soheila Amri almost 3 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
What is true about characteristics of sound waves?
Answer
  • Alternate phases of compression and decompression of molecules of the medium
  • Alternate phases of compression and decompression in vacuum
  • Sound waves are associated with pressure changes called sound pressure.
  • Pressure waves are longitudinal vibrations of molecules of the medium

Question 2

Question
What is a correct match between Velocity and sound in air?
Answer
  • 335 m/s in air - 0°C at sea level
  • 44 m/s in air - 20°C at sea level
  • 297 m/s in air - 0°C at sea level ,
  • 1450 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level.

Question 3

Question
What is a correct match between Velocity and sound in water?
Answer
  • 335 m/s in water - 0°C at sea level
  • 1450 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level
  • 344 m/s in air - 20°C at sea level
  • 1250 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level

Question 4

Question
Sound waves; choose correct
Answer
  • The crests of these waves are areas of high density, called compressions.
  • The troughs are called rarefactions.
  • The troughs are called compression.
  • Sounds are waves of air molecules.

Question 5

Question
Sound wave properties; choose correct
Answer
  • Amplitude determines Pitch
  • Amplitude determines Loudness
  • Frequency determines Loudness
  • Frequency determines Pitch

Question 6

Question
Frequency of sound; choose correct
Answer
  • Frequency is the rate at which the source produces sound waves
  • Low pitched or bass sounds have low frequencies.
  • High-pitched or treble sounds have low frequencies.
  • A healthy, young person can hear sounds with frequencies from 20 to 20,000 Hz.

Question 7

Question
Frequency of sound; choose correct
Answer
  • The ability to hear high pitch sounds (high frequencies) increases with age – this condition is called presbycusis.
  • The ability to hear high pitch sounds (high frequencies) declines with age – this condition is called presbycusis.
  • Male hearing range decreases more quickly than the female.
  • The sound of human speech is mainly in the range 300 to 3,000 Hz.

Question 8

Question
Loudness of sound; choose correct
Answer
  • This very wide range of values is converted into a logarithmic scale of decibels range of 0 dB to 300 dB.
  • This very wide range of values is converted into a logarithmic scale of decibels range of 0 dB to 140 dB.
  • Sound waves are silent if their compressions are dense.
  • The amplitude of the acoustic pressure is measured in pascals (Pa).

Question 9

Question
Thresholds of hearing; choose correct
Answer
  • Threshold of hearing (10-16 W/m2 = 0 B = 0 dB).
  • Loud conversation (10-12 W/m2 = 4 B = 40 dB).
  • Ordinary conversation (10-9 W/m2 = 7 B = 70 dB).
  • Threshold of pain (10-3 W/m2 = 13 B = 130 dB).

Question 10

Question
Characteristics of audition; choose correct
Answer
  • The pitch of the average male voice is 120 Hz while of the female voice is 250 Hz.
  • Noise is sound composed of many related frequencies.
  • harmonics is sound composed of many unrelated frequencies.
  • Sounds are complex mixtures of pure tones. (accords)

Question 11

Question
Sound and anatomy; choose correct
Answer
  • The auditory system is maximally sensitive between 500 – 5,000 Hz
  • The Frequency response is determined by the functional anatomy of the ear.
  • The auditory system is maximally sensitive between 200 – 2,000 Hz
  • Sound is FELT above 130dB

Question 12

Question
What is correct about the external ear?
Answer
  • Consists of the tympanic membrane and the external auditory meatus (auditory canal).
  • Sound waves travel through the meatus and impinge on the brain.
  • The Meatus acts as a resonator
  • The Pinna funnels sound waves into the meatus.

Question 13

Question
Characteristics of audition; choose correct
Answer
  • Binaural localization relies on the comparison of auditory input from two separate auditory detectors (ears).
  • The auricle ensures reliable transmission of speech.
  • Convergence and amplification of the sound.
  • Localization of the source of the high pitch sound is based on assessment of difference of amplitude and time

Question 14

Question
Middle ear; choose correct
Answer
  • Decompression of the sound pressure.
  • Conduction of the sound through the lever system of auditory ossicles.
  • Defensive mechanism of the ear – function of the tympanic reflex.
  • Language (foreign) is shifted higher, needs to be louder

Question 15

Question
The middle ear; choose correct
Answer
  • The handle of the malleus is attached to the centre of the tympanic membrane
  • The malleus forms a rigid connection with the incus and they act as a single lever.
  • The incus forms flexible connection with the malleus.
  • Footplate of stapes moves in and out at the round window

Question 16

Question
Attenuation reflex; choose correct
Answer
  • Contraction - increase sound conduction
  • Tensor tympani muscle – pulls the handle of the malleus inward
  • Stapedius muscle – pulls the stapes outward
  • Loud sound in high frequencies
  • Adaptation to continuous high intensities sound - to mask low-frequencies sound in loud environment
  • Reduce sound by 30dB

Question 17

Question
The inner ear; choose correct
Answer
  • Consist of vestibule and cochlea
  • Helicoterma – connection between scala tympani and scala vestibuli
  • Scala vestibuli – to oval window;
  • Scala media has 3 walls; basilar memb, Reissner's memb. and stria vascularis
  • Scala tympani – to round window

Question 18

Question
The inner ear; choose correct
Answer
  • Organ of corti is placed in cochlear duct
  • Perilymph – scala vestibuli
  • Endolymph – scala tympani
  • Potential gradient across hair cells about 140 mV

Question 19

Question
The organ of corti; choose correct
Answer
  • In scala media
  • Hair cells and various supporting cells
  • Cones and rods
  • The rods of Corti

Question 20

Question
The organ of corti - hair cells; choose correct
Answer
  • Inner hair cells 3,500 - supplied by myelinated fibers
  • Outer hair cells 3,500 - supplied by myelinated fibers
  • Outer hair cells 15,000 - supplied by unmyelinated fibers
  • Inner hair cells 15,000 - supplied by unmyelinated fibers

Question 21

Question
Organ of corti - Afferent innervation ; choose correct
Answer
  • From superior olivary nucleus – olivocochlear fibers
  • Bipolar neurons from spiral ganglion within the modiolus
  • 90% of fibers innervate inner hair cells
  • Axons enter the auditory-vestibular nerve
  • On afferent fibers that contact the inner hair cells

Question 22

Question
Organ of corti - Efferent innervation ; choose correct
Answer
  • From superior olivary nucleus – olivocochlear fibers
  • On afferent fibers that contact the inner hair cells
  • Bipolar neurons from spiral ganglion within the modiolus
  • On outer hair cells
  • Helps to improve frequency discrimination

Question 23

Question
Hair cells activation; choose correct
Answer
  • Different parts of the basilar membrane have the same resonance frequencies.
  • Basilar membrane up – reticular lamina up and toward the modiolus
  • Basilar membrane up – reticular lamina down and away from modiolus
  • Tectorial membrane holds the tips of the outer hair cells stereocilia
  • Inner hair cells cilia’s are bend by movement of endolymph

Question 24

Question
Auditory Pathway - neurons ; choose correct
Answer
  • Neurones of the spiral ganglion – to auditory nerve.
  • Neurones of the ventral (and dorsal) cochlear nucleus – to lateral lemniscus.
  • Neurones of the superior colliculi.
  • Neurones of the Inferior olives.
  • Neurones of the medial geniculate body (MGN) of the thalamus to auditory cortex

Question 25

Question
Auditory cortex; choose correct
Answer
  • Area 41 of Brodmann division in temporal lobe
  • Low frequencies are represented rostrally and laterally,
  • High frequencies – caudally and medially
  • High frequencies – caudally and laterally
  • Secondary auditory cortex 42, 22, 52 Brodmann’s area

Question 26

Question
Hair cells; choose correct
Answer
  • Has stereocilia with actin and kinocilia
  • Connect to efferent fibers with glutamine
  • Endolymph is low in K+
  • Mechano-sensitive non-selective channels, opened by tip links on hair cells
  • Hair cells bending to stereocilia - de -polarize producing sound

Question 27

Question
Audition; choose correct
Answer
  • Semicircular system and Cochlea use different receptors
  • Semicircular system is responsible for equilibrium
  • Cochlea is responsible for sound
  • Olivary nucleus connects to neuron from left and right ear

Question 28

Question
Audition; choose correct
Answer
  • The right ear is the 1st to hear sounds
  • The left ear is the 1st to hear sounds
  • The right ear has a shorter pathway to the brain
  • The left ear has a shorter pathway to the brain

Question 29

Question
Correct conduction of sound in air, from start (standard pathway)
Answer
  • Ossicles - Tympanic memb. - Basilar memb. - Perilymph to endolymph - Cochlea
  • Tympanic memb. - Ossicles - Basilar memb. - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph
  • Tympanic memb. - Ossicles - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar memb. - Cochlea
  • Ossicles - Tympanic memb. - Perilymph to endolymph - Cochlea- Basilar memb.

Question 30

Question
Correct conduction of sound in bone, from start (amplification)
Answer
  • Vibration of skull - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar membrane - Cochlea
  • Vibration of skull - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar membrane
  • Vibration of skull - Cochlea - Basilar membrane - Perilymph to endolymph
  • Vibration of skull - Basilar membrane - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph

Question 31

Question
Deafness; choose correct
Answer
  • Nerve deafness is impairment of the auditory nerve
  • Conduction deafness is impairment of structures of the ear that conduct sound to cochlea
  • Nerve deafness impairment of structures of the ear that conduct sound to cochlea
  • Bone conduction in conduction deafness is normal

Question 32

Question
Match audio tests to purpose Quantitative - Assessment of hearing loss Qualitative - Type of hearing loss = Conduction deafness, Sensorineural (cochlear, nerve) deafness.
Answer
  • Acumetry – Quantitative
  • Audiometry - Quantitative and Qualitative
  • Tuning fork tests - Qualitative
  • Tuning fork tests - Quantitative
  • Acumetry - Qualitative

Question 33

Question
Tuning fork tests; Choose correct
Answer
  • Rinne test - comparison of the patient’s bone conduction to examiner’s bone conduction.
  • Rinne test – comparison of the patient’s air (ossicular) conduction of sound to the bone conduction.
  • Weber test - differentiation between conduction and nerve deafness.
  • Schwabach test – comparison of the patient’s bone conduction to examiner’s bone conduction.

Question 34

Question
Rinne test - air and bone conduction (tuning fork test); choose correct
Answer
  • Normal hearing - (positive rinne) sound is heard twice as long by air conduction as by bone conduction
  • Conductive deafness in right ear - (negative rinne) sound is heard longer by bone conduction than by air conduction
  • Conductive deafness in right ear - (positive rinne) sound is heard longer by air conduction than by bone conduction
  • Perceptive deafness of right ear - (positive rinne) sound is heard longer by air conduction than by bone conduction

Question 35

Question
Weber test - bone conduction (tuning fork test) - choose correct
Answer
  • Conductive deafness in right ear - Sound lateralizes to the better ear
  • Normal hearing - Sound does not lateralize to either side; heard equally well in both ears.
  • Perceptive deafness of right ear - Sound lateralizes to the better ear
  • Conductive deafness in right ear - sound lateralizes to defective ear, few sound are carried through external and middle ear.

Question 36

Question
SCHWABACH bone conduction; choose correct
Answer
  • Longer - conduction disorder – longer than normal bone conduction
  • Is a method based on comparing bone conduction to a normal subject to the patient
  • Shorter - nerve disorder - shorter than normal bone conduction
  • Is a method based on comparing bone conduction to a deaf subject to the patient

Question 37

Question
Acumetry (whisper test); choose correct
Answer
  • Assessment of the distance of hearing.
  • Normal ear can hear whisper voice from 6m (young humans – even 20 m).
  • 1-3m – mild hearing loss.
  • 3-6m – moderate hearing loss.
  • < 1m – severe hearing loss.
  • > 6m – normal hearing.

Question 38

Question
Vestibular sensation – hair cells; choose correct
Answer
  • Otolith organ – signals linear acceleration
  • Semicircular canals – signal rotational acceleration
  • Utricle – signal vertical acceleration
  • Sacculus – signal horizontal acceleration

Question 39

Question
Vestibular pathways; choose correct
Answer
  • 3rd neuron - flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum - posture
  • II neuron – here terminate vestibular nerves in: flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum - posture
  • II neuron – here terminate vestibular nerves in: ipsilaterally four-part vestibular nuclei
  • 1st neuron – vestibular ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion): supplies the cristae and macula
  • 3rd neuron - vestibular ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion): supplies the cristae and macula

Question 40

Question
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR); choose correct
Answer
  • Abducens nucleus - The medial lateral fascicle (mlf) projects from the Vestibulocochlear nucleus to the oculomotor nucleus
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve - from the peripheral vestibular sensors to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem (vn)
  • Two-neuron arc, during a head movement to the right
  • The oculomotor nucleus - The left lateral rectus muscle (lr) and the right medial rectus muscle (mr) get contracted, turning the eyes to the left.

Question 41

Question
Romberg test; choose correct
Answer
  • With the eyes open 3 sensory systems provide input to cerebellum to maintain truncal stability. These are vision, olfaction and vestibular sense.
  • Mild lesions in one vestibular or proprioception system cannot be compensated by vision
  • When the patient closes their eyes, visual input is removed and instability can be brought out.
  • In vestibular malfunction direction of falling is direction of slow phase of nystagmus

Question 42

Question
Nystagmus; choose correct
Answer
  • Is a jerky movement of the eye with slow and quick components.
  • The direction of nystagmus is identified by the direction of the quick component.
  • The quick component is initiated by impulses from the labyrinths.
  • The slow component is triggered by a center of the brainstem.

Question 43

Question
Vestibular nystagmus; choose correct
Answer
  • Secondary nystagmus is involved with the slow phase in the opposite direction. It continues for 1min.
  • Secondary nystagmus is involved with the rapid phase in the same direction. It continues for 20-30 s.
  • Trigger by angular acceleration, which activate movement of eye opposite direction to head movement.
  • Pathology causing vestibular nystagmus can be lesions of brainstem or Menier's disease

Question 44

Question
Tests for Nystagmus; choose correct
Answer
  • Optokinetic – reflex that maintain visual fixation on stationary point while the body rotates
  • Caloric test - toward the warmer ear
  • Caloric test - post-rotatory nystagmus
  • Barany rotation test - post-rotatory nystagmus
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