Valve Pathology

Which factors predispose valves to pathology?

The aortic valve has 3 cusps, right, left and [blank_start]non-coronary[blank_end]. Each cusp has [blank_start]sinus of valsalva[blank_end] which is important for [blank_start]coronary[blank_end] flow. Common pathology includes aortic [blank_start]stenosis[blank_end] and aortic [blank_start]regurgitation[blank_end].

Aortic stenosis can be [blank_start]congenital[blank_end], rheumatic valve disease, [blank_start]bicuspid valve[blank_end], calcification of trileaflet > [blank_start]70 years.[blank_end]

In bicuspid aortic valves- the primary issue is?

With calcific aortic [blank_start]stenosis[blank_end] "wear and tear", leads to lipids, inflammation, calcification. This [blank_start]immobilises[blank_end] the cusps. You can have loss of [blank_start]50-70[blank_end]% with no symptoms. The sequelae is obstruction to flow which increases the load of the [blank_start]LV[blank_end]. The LV adapts by [blank_start]concentric hypertrophy[blank_end]. Once symptoms occur average survival is [blank_start]2-3[blank_end] years. The only effective treatment is [blank_start]valve replacement[blank_end].

In aortic regurgitation blood leaks back from the aortic root into the left ventricle. Abnormalities include congenital disease, rhematic heart disease, endocarditis and trauma. The primary pathology occurs during diastole. Distortions to the aortic root occur with HTN, Marfans, ankylosing spondylitis, syphilis, and aortic dissection. What is the compensation of the heart?

The mitral valve has how many leaflets?

Mitral regurgitation can occur due to?

During mitral regurgitation endocarditis destroys [blank_start]cusps[blank_end] and ruptures chordae. Rheumatic valve disease leads to scarring and retraction. Mitral valve [blank_start]prolapse[blank_end] occurs by expansion and elongation. Papillary muscle are affected during [blank_start]infarction[blank_end].

Which of these are common symptoms of acute mitral regurgitation?

In chronic mitral regurgitation there is left ventricle concentric hypertrophy?

Rheumatic stenosis takes [blank_start]decades[blank_end] to develop. It leads to [blank_start]thickened[blank_end] valves, [blank_start]fusion[blank_end] of commissures, and thickened [blank_start]chordinae[blank_end]. Left [blank_start]Atrial[blank_end] pressure rises, and pulmonary [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end] is common. Mitral stenosis can be treated by surgery involving valve replacement and [blank_start]balloon valvoplasty[blank_end].

Susceptibility to infective endocarditis involves?

Endocarditis complications include?