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Mindmap von Carolina Cuestas, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Carolina Cuestas
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Theories of Teaching
in Language Teaching
(TESOL)
- Language teaching can
be conceived in many
different ways
- sciencie
- technology
- craft or art
- sciencie
- Zahorik (1986) classifies
conceptions of teaching into three
main categories
- science research
conceptions
- Understand the learning principles.
Develop tasks and activities based on the
learning principles. Monitor students’
performance on tasks to see that desired
performance is being achieved.
- Understand the learning principles.
Develop tasks and activities based on the
learning principles. Monitor students’
performance on tasks to see that desired
performance is being achieved.
- theory-philosophy
conceptions
- Understand the theory
and the principles. Select
syllabi, materials, and
tasks based on the
theory. Monitor your
teaching to see that it
conforms to the theory
- Understand the theory
and the principles. Select
syllabi, materials, and
tasks based on the
theory. Monitor your
teaching to see that it
conforms to the theory
- art-craft
conceptions
- Treat each teaching situation as unique.
Identify the particular characteristics of
each situation. Try out different teaching
strategies. Develop personal approaches to
teaching.
- Treat each teaching situation as unique.
Identify the particular characteristics of
each situation. Try out different teaching
strategies. Develop personal approaches to
teaching.
- science research
conceptions
- OPERATIONALIZING LEARNING PRINCIPLES
- Audiolingualism
- Behavioral
psychology
- Stimulus, which serves to
elicit behavior a response,
triggered by a stimulus; and
reinforcement, which serves
to mark the response as
being appropriate
- Translated into a teaching
method this led to the
Audiolingual Method
- Habit formation
- Memorization
- Learning through
dialogs and drills.
- Memorization
- Habit formation
- Translated into a teaching
method this led to the
Audiolingual Method
- Stimulus, which serves to
elicit behavior a response,
triggered by a stimulus; and
reinforcement, which serves
to mark the response as
being appropriate
- Behavioral
psychology
- Audiolingualism
- FOLLOWING A TESTED MODEL OF TEACHING
- “a view of good teaching is
developed through logical reasoning
and previous research; good
teaching is defined in terms of
specific acts” (Zahorik, 1986, p. 21)
- theories of good teaching
across classrooms regular
- In applying this research to teacher preparation, a
simple training model was developed for teachers
to learn the differences between presentation
(for which early answers are known) and
reference questions (those for which no answers
are known) by providing more waiting time after
the questions.
- In applying this research to teacher preparation, a
simple training model was developed for teachers
to learn the differences between presentation
(for which early answers are known) and
reference questions (those for which no answers
are known) by providing more waiting time after
the questions.
- theories of good teaching
across classrooms regular
- “a view of good teaching is
developed through logical reasoning
and previous research; good
teaching is defined in terms of
specific acts” (Zahorik, 1986, p. 21)
- DOING WHAT EFFECTIVE
TEACHERS DO
- Another approach to developing a
theory of teaching is to derive
teaching principles from studies of the
practices of effective teachers
- Effective teachers
- Students perform better on
standardized achievement
tests.
- Effective teachers
- twelve characteristics
of effective teaching
were identified
- 1. Instruction is guided by a preplanned curriculum. 2. There are high
expectations for student learning. 3. Students are carefully oriented to
lessons. 4. Instruction is clear and focused. 5. Learning progress is
monitored closely. 6. When students do not understand, they are
retaught. 7. Class time is used for learning. 8. There are smooth and
efficient classroom routines. 9. Instructional groups formed in the
classroom fit instructional needs. 10. Standards for classroom behavior
are high. 11. Personal interactions between teachers and students are
positive. 12. Incentives and rewards for students are used to promote
excellence.
- 1. Instruction is guided by a preplanned curriculum. 2. There are high
expectations for student learning. 3. Students are carefully oriented to
lessons. 4. Instruction is clear and focused. 5. Learning progress is
monitored closely. 6. When students do not understand, they are
retaught. 7. Class time is used for learning. 8. There are smooth and
efficient classroom routines. 9. Instructional groups formed in the
classroom fit instructional needs. 10. Standards for classroom behavior
are high. 11. Personal interactions between teachers and students are
positive. 12. Incentives and rewards for students are used to promote
excellence.
- Another approach to developing a
theory of teaching is to derive
teaching principles from studies of the
practices of effective teachers
- THEORY-BASED APPROACHES
- Examples of theory-based or rationalist
approaches in TESOL are Communicative
Language Teaching and the Silent Way.
Each of these is based on a set of
carefully elaborated assumptions.
- Communicative Language
Teaching, for example,
arose as a reaction to
- Grammar-based
approaches to teaching
- Teaching materials, syllabuses
- Method Silent Way
- Espoused by Gattegno who attests: there are
no really difficult forms which cannot be
illustrated through the proper situation
involving rods and actions on them about
which one makes statements by introducing
specific words whose associated meaning is
obvious. What teachers must do is to arrange
for practice so that students’ minds are
triggered to use these new words
spontaneously.
- Espoused by Gattegno who attests: there are
no really difficult forms which cannot be
illustrated through the proper situation
involving rods and actions on them about
which one makes statements by introducing
specific words whose associated meaning is
obvious. What teachers must do is to arrange
for practice so that students’ minds are
triggered to use these new words
spontaneously.
- Grammar-based
approaches to teaching
- Communicative Language
Teaching, for example,
arose as a reaction to
- Examples of theory-based or rationalist
approaches in TESOL are Communicative
Language Teaching and the Silent Way.
Each of these is based on a set of
carefully elaborated assumptions.
- VALUES-BASED
APPROACHES
- A different approach to a theory of
teaching is to develop a teaching
model from the values one holds about
teachers, learners, classrooms, and the
role of education in society
- Values-based
approaches
in education
- advocates of literature in the
language curriculum
- school-based curriculum
development
- The teacher as
action researcher
- advocates of literature in the
language curriculum
- Other examples of
values-based
approaches in
language teaching
include
- Team
teaching
- Humanistic
approaches
- Learner-centered
curriculum
- Reflective
teaching
- Team
teaching
- Values-based
approaches
in education
- A different approach to a theory of
teaching is to develop a teaching
model from the values one holds about
teachers, learners, classrooms, and the
role of education in society
- ART-CRAFT CONCEPTIONS
- Another way of conceptualizing
teaching is to view it as an art or
craft, and as something which
depends on the teacher’s individual
skill and personality
- Develop teaching as a
unique set of personal
skills which teachers
apply in different ways
- Teacher decision-making is
an essential competency in
this approach
- Develop teaching as a
unique set of personal
skills which teachers
apply in different ways
- Another way of conceptualizing
teaching is to view it as an art or
craft, and as something which
depends on the teacher’s individual
skill and personality
- THE ESSENTIAL SKILLS OF TEACHING
- Once the characteristics of
effective teaching are
identified, teachers must aim
to implement such practices in
their own classes.
- The essential skills the teacher needs to acquire
are those that reflect the theory and spirit of the
Silent Way approach.
- Teachers should constantly try to discover
things that work, discarding old practices and
taking on board new ones
- Once the characteristics of
effective teaching are
identified, teachers must aim
to implement such practices in
their own classes.
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