Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Motivation
in Groups
- MOTIVATIONS
FOR AFFILIATION
AND GROUP
FORMATION
- NEED TO
BELONG
- BAUMEISTER AND LEARY - 1995 -
human beings have a basic and
overwhelming need to belong, which
causes them to join groups. the need to
belong and be part of a group has been a
critical topic since the early 1900s. being
successfully connected to other human
beings interpersonally or in groups
produces a powerul and highly rewarding
sense of self-esteem and self-worth
- FREUD - 1930
- MASLOW - 1968 -
hierarchy of needs, with
self-actualisation at the
top of the pyramid,
esteem needs, then
belonging needs.
- TAJEL & TURNER - 1979 - SOCIAL
IDENTITY THEORY - the individual's
knowledge that he / she belongs to a
certain social group together with some
emotional and value significance to him.
when thinking in terms of their groups,
people categorise themselves as group
members. e.g. INGROUPS or
OUTGROUPS, belong to or not.
- SOCIAL IDENTITY is the part of the self
concept that derives from group
membership, influences an individuals
attitudes and behaviour. can have a
personal identity (I, me) or a social identity
(we, us)
- TAJFEL ET AL - 1971 - MINIMAL GROUP
PARADIGM - belief similarity increased favouritism.
attitudinally similar individuals were liked more
than dissimilar individuals. TAJFEL separated
people into two groups based on their preference
towards a painting by KLEE or one by KANDINSKY.
the children strongly favoured their own group, they
adopted the ingroup favouritism strategy. this
finding was rather SURPRISING as groups
criterion were indeed minimal. subsequent
experiments were even more minimal such as
BILLIG AND TAJFEL - 1973 - where people were
split into groups X and Y, so people wouldn't infer
they were interpersonally similar.
- PROBLEMS WITH SOCIAL IDENTITY -
sometimes identification with an in group may lead
to low self-esteem such as JANE ELLIOT's blue
eyes / brown eyes experiment. IN ADDITION - the
social idenity theory did not fully develop and
layout what motivates people to identify with
groups.
- THE SELF-ESTEEM HYPOTHESIS -
ABRAMS AND HOGG - 1988 -
intergroup discrimination enhances
social identity and elevates
self-esteem. the more a group is
positively differentiated from an
outgroup, the more self-esteem is
enhanced. people have A
MOTIVATIONAL NEED FOR POSITIVE
SELF ESTEEM.
- people have a need to belong and when
there are greater feelings of inclusion within
a group, there should be higher levels of
self-esteem according to the self-esteem
hypothesis. researchers have found that
self-esteem has cross-cultural generality,
even though there are differences in eastern
/ western ways of expressing self-esteem.
(KITAYAMA - 1997)
- SOCIOMETER MODEL OF
SELF-ESTEEM - LEARY AND DOWNS -
1995 - self-esteem is a gauge of the
degree to which one is being accepted
versus rejected by others. In addition,
self-esteem is a reflection of successful
social connectedness. social exclusion
from a group depressed participants
self-esteem.
- ERIK ERIKSON - 1963 - SELF-DEVELOPMENT
occurs during adolescence and is an ongoing
process throughout life.
- self- knowledge comes from socialisation,
reflected appraisal (observing the reactions
others have to us), feedback from others, social
comparison, envrionmenal distinctiveness, and
social identity.
- the sociometer theory of self-esteem is a theory from an evolutionary
perspective that states self-esteem is gauged by interpersonal relations.
FOR EXAMPLE, the need for interpersonal relationships at the beginning
of the human species as those in groups had higher survival. IN
ADDITION - LEARY - 1999 - self-esteem is a gauge that monitors
interactions between people and sends signals to tell the person how
socially acceptable their behaviours are.
- THE NEED TO
BELONG -
BAUMEISTER AND
LEARY rooted in
evolution and natural
selection.
- CROZIER - 2004 -
BLUSHING - to show others
that we have misstepped
socially.
- LONELINESS
- EMOTIONAL
AND SOCIAL
-
membership
in groups
reduces both
types of
loneliness
- TERROR
MANAGEMENT
THEORY - individuals
are more likely to
perceive members of
their own group more
favourably than
members of other
groups after reflecting
upon their own death -
SOLOMON ET AL., -
2004.
- NELSON ET AL - 1997 -
MORTALITY SALIENCE
(awareness of one's own
eventual death) has been
shown to amplify
nationalism.
- JONAS ET AL., - 2011 -
MORTALITY SALIENCE
INCREASES IN-GROUP
LOYALTY. for example,
MORTALITY SALIENCE in
university staff elicited
positive evaluations of the
university logo and
slogan.
- RINDFLEISCH, BURROUGHS,
AND WONG - 2009 -
MORTALITY SALIENCE
increases brand loyalty. asked
to identify the brands they used
and the degree of commitment
to them, mortality salience
increased brand commitment
and loyalty to only those that
valued materialism.
- UNCERTAINTY IDENTITY THEORY - HOGG - 2000 -
uncertainty motivates people to identify and defend
their groups. social identify processes are motivated
by uncertainty reduction. we need to know what to
expect from other people in order to make life
predictable. group identification is a highly effective
way of reducing uncertainty. people do not identify
with groups unless they are motivated to do so due
to uncertainty - GRIEVE AND HOGG - 1999.
- SHERIF - 1936 - uncertainty translates
into conformity and connection to groups.
when people are uncertain about a task,
they become more likely to comply with
norms of a group.
- FESTINGER - 1954 -
when people are
uncertain, they look to
others to determine
reactions /
performance -
SOCIAL
COMPARISON
- DEUTSCH AND
GERARD - 1955 -
groups reduce
uncertainty, idea
formulated first by
these two.
- HOGG - 2007 - we can plan and
predict our and others behaviours due
to belonging in a group.
- MURRAY AND SCHALLER -
2012 - uncertainty increases
conformity
- HOGG, ADELMAN, BLAGG - 2010 -
religious affiliations are successful at
reducing uncertainty. IN ADDITION -
LAURIN, KAY AND MOSCOVITCH -
2008 - when people receive info that
events are random, they are more
inclined to believe events are controlled
by a God.
- SOCIAL OSTRACISM - WILLIAMS
- 2000 - being ignored or excluded.
OSTRACISM THREATENS four
main needs, BELONGING,
CONTROL, SELF-ESTEEM,
MEANINGFUL EXISTENCE. there
are several reactions to ostracism,
immediate (pain), short-term
(regain needs) and long-term
(learned helplessness)