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Beschreibung
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Watson & Rayner (1928)
- ABOUT
- AIM
- To find out if classical conditioning
works on humans
- To find out if classical conditioning
works on humans
- DESIGN
- Repeated measures design
- Repeated measures design
- DV
- The number of fearful behaviours
Albert shows when presented with the
stimuli
- The number of fearful behaviours
Albert shows when presented with the
stimuli
- IV
- (1) Before conditioning compared to after
conditioning; (2) Being presented with
the white rat compared to being
presented with other white fluffy objects
- (1) Before conditioning compared to after
conditioning; (2) Being presented with
the white rat compared to being
presented with other white fluffy objects
- SAMPLE
- One baby boy, Albert, 9 months old.
- One baby boy, Albert, 9 months old.
- AIM
- PROCEDURE
- PRE CONDITIONING TESTING
- Albert was 9 months old when his responses to
numerous stimuli were recorded, such as exposure to a
white rat and the noise of a steel bar being struck by a
hammer behind his head.
- Albert only showed a fear
response to the loud noise,
making this an unconditioned
stimulus as no learning was
required
- Albert only showed a fear
response to the loud noise,
making this an unconditioned
stimulus as no learning was
required
- Albert was 9 months old when his responses to
numerous stimuli were recorded, such as exposure to a
white rat and the noise of a steel bar being struck by a
hammer behind his head.
- CONDITIONING TRIALS
- When Albert was 11 months old he was again given the white rat to
play with but when Albert reached for the rat the steal bar was
struck behind him.
- This process was repeated five times the
next week and twice more 17 days later.
- This process was repeated five times the
next week and twice more 17 days later.
- When Albert was 11 months old he was again given the white rat to
play with but when Albert reached for the rat the steal bar was
struck behind him.
- POST CONDITIONING TEST
- Afterwards the
effects were
tested by
showing Albert
the rat alone and
monitoring his
reaction.
- Afterwards the
effects were
tested by
showing Albert
the rat alone and
monitoring his
reaction.
- PRE CONDITIONING TESTING
- FINDINGS
- Before conditioning (age 9 months)
Albert only showed the fear response
to the loud noise created by striking
hammer against a metal bar behind his
head. He showed no fear to all other
stimuli.
- fter the 1st trial Albert showed some distress, during
the 2nd trial he seemed suspicious of the rat and by
the 3rd trial Albert leaned away from the rat and
when a rat was put next to him Albert started to cry.
- 7 weeks later Albert cried in response to a
number of white furry stimuli including the
fur collar of his mothers coat and a Santa
Beard.
- Before conditioning (age 9 months)
Albert only showed the fear response
to the loud noise created by striking
hammer against a metal bar behind his
head. He showed no fear to all other
stimuli.
- CONCLUSION
- Watson & Rayner concluded that they had successfully
conditioned Albert to fear the white rat and that his fear response
generalised to other white, furry things
- Watson & Rayner concluded that they had successfully
conditioned Albert to fear the white rat and that his fear response
generalised to other white, furry things
- EVALUATION
- GENERALISABILITY
- This was a study of one young child
it lacks population validity as the
findings cannot be generalised to
others.
- This was a study of one young child
it lacks population validity as the
findings cannot be generalised to
others.
- RELIABILITY
- The study has high reliability as the use of
standardised procedures allows for high
control over all extraneous variables. This
makes it easy to replicate
- The study has high reliability as the use of
standardised procedures allows for high
control over all extraneous variables. This
makes it easy to replicate
- APPLICATION
- This research has demonstrated that phobias can be learnt
through the process of classical conditioning. Therefore, if we
can understand how phobias do develop we can incorporate
this into treatment of this form of behaviour.
- This research has demonstrated that phobias can be learnt
through the process of classical conditioning. Therefore, if we
can understand how phobias do develop we can incorporate
this into treatment of this form of behaviour.
- VALIDITY
- Lacks ecological validity as it
was a lab experiment and
the task is artificial
- Lacks ecological validity as it
was a lab experiment and
the task is artificial
- ETHICS
- The study is clearly unethical. Watson & Rayner deliberately
caused distress to an infant and continued even though he
was upset
- Also, they gave Albert a fear without knowledge that it could be reversed
- Also, they gave Albert a fear without knowledge that it could be reversed
- The study is clearly unethical. Watson & Rayner deliberately
caused distress to an infant and continued even though he
was upset
- GENERALISABILITY
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