RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT (animal responses and plant responses)

plant responses
animal responses
1. RSRME = reflex action
2. animals increase chances of survival by responding to stimuli (changes in their internal or external environment)
3. receptors: detect stimuli and effectors: muscles, glands or organs that respond to a stimulus
4. STRUCTURE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
  1. Nervous system
    1. Peripheral NS
      1. Autonomic NS: CNS to smooth muscle in organs and blood
        Parasympathetic NS
        Sympathetic NS
      2. Somatic NS
        Somatic motor NS: CNS to smooth muscles
        Somatic sensory NS: receptors to CNS
    2. Central NS
      1. Spinal Chord
      2. Brain
        Cerebrum
        Cerebellum
  2. SOMATIC: controls concious activities eg playing games, running AUTONOMIC: controls unconcious activities eg digestion and heart rate
  3. FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
    1. when organism is threatened it responds by preparing body for action eg fighting or running away
    2. Sympathetic NS is activated which triggers release of adrenaline
      1. increases heart rate, more blood pumped around body faster
      2. muscles around bronchioles relax, widens airways, deeper breathing
      3. intercoastal muscles and diaphragm contract faster with more strength increasing rate and depth of breathing
      4. glycogen in converted into glucose so more is available for muscles to respire
      5. muscles in arterioles to skin and gut constrcit and muscles in arterioles to heart lungs and skeeltal muscles dilate therefore blood diverted from skin and gut to heart, lungs and skeeltal muscles (ready for action)
5. THE BRAIN
  1. CEREBRUM
    1. largest part of the brain
    2. divided into 2 halves called cerebral hemispheres
    3. thin outter layer called cerebral cortex, highly folded
    4. involved in vision, hearing, learning, speech, interpretationand thinking
    5. corpus callosum joins two hemispheres together
  2. HYPOTHALLAMUS
    1. found just beneath middle part of brain
    2. automatically maintains body temp
    3. produces hormones that control pituitary gland (just below hypothallamus)
    4. osmoregulation
  3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
    1. at the base of the brain, top of the spinal chord
    2. automatically controls breathing and heart rate
    3. subconcious, autonomic activites- eg peristalsis (passing food along)
  4. CEREBELLUM
    1. underneath the cerebrum
    2. has folded cortex
    3. important for muscle coodination, posture and balance coordination
    4. responds to internal stimuli, interprets sensory input from muscles

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RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT (animal responses and plant responses)

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