Limb Development and Integumentary System

Which of the following embryonic layers contribute to the formation of limbs?

By the ___th week of development, osteogenesis of the long bones begins.

Which of the following statements is true regarding limb development?

Which of the following chromosomal aneuploidy syndromes is associated with polydactyly?

All of the following are true regarding Rickets except?

The limb defect known as ________, also called lobster-claw deformity or forked hand is associated with a type of congenital ectodermal dysplasia.

All of the following mechanisms are necessary for normal limb development except:

The most critical period of limb development is between _____ to _____ days; certain teratogen exposures during this time greatly increases the risk for limb defects.

Most visible changes occur during what period of development?

Each of the following conditions can result in death during the neonatal period except:

All of the following are congenital heart defects that will result in cyanosis except:

All of the following syndromes involve abnormal tooth development. Which is autosomal dominant?

Which of the following describes an abnormality of the digits commonly associated with skeletal dysplasias (especially achondroplasia)?

Which type of skeletal dysplasia is also known as "brittle bone disease"?

Which of the following is a risk factor for limb anomalies?

Limb reduction defects range in severity depending on what embryonic age there was disruption of limb formation. Amelia is the most severe.

Most cases of syndactyly are osseous (involving bone) and include functional appendages/digits with bones, nerve and musculature.

The recurrence risk for congenital hip dislocation/developmental hip dysplasia is less than 1%.

Minor defects of limbs are relatively common and can be corrected surgically.

Your skin has both thick and thin components which both contain sweat glands, hair follicles, arrector muscles of hairs, and sebaceous glands.

The secretory parts of the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands open into the skin and begin to function shortly after birth.

Hair follicles and glands are derived from the epidermis and grow down into the dermis.

Males and females have lactiferous ducts as part of the mammary gland.

Delayed tooth eruption can be a sign of hypothyroidism.

Babies that are born very prematurely (i.e. before 26 weeks) are not at increased risk for neurological or developmental problems, however they may have fingernails that have not yet reached the tips of their digits and may have cardiovascular complications, such as patent ductus arteriosis.

Explain the concept of incomplete penetrance[blank_start].[blank_end]

The [blank_start]___[blank_end] is superficial epithelial tissue derived from surface embryonic ectoderm and the [blank_start]___[blank_end] is a deep layer of dense, irregularly arranged connective tissue derived from mesenchyme.

[blank_start]___[blank_end] is a fetal adaptation made from exfoliated peridermal cells and secretions from sebaceous glands. [blank_start]___[blank_end] is the fine hairs that cover the surface of fetal skin.

Occulocutaneous albinism is an autosomal [blank_start]___[blank_end] condition. There is a lack of pigment [blank_start]___[blank_end] due to an underlying defect in tyrosinase production. Two clinical features of this syndrome are [blank_start]___[blank_end] and [blank_start]___[blank_end].

The hardest tissue in the human body is [blank_start]___[blank_end].

[blank_start]___[blank_end] is a condition characterized by absence of the pectoralis major muscle that results in hypoplastic fused ribs, unilateral absence of breast, nipple, areola, hemivertebrae, syndactyly, brachydactyly, and in some cases dextrocardia.

Name [blank_start]the[blank_end] 3 body cavities that make up the Intraembronic Coelom during the 2nd month:

Two "fruity" signs that are ultrasound findings which may be associated with underlying defects of the nervous system are the [blank_start]____[blank_end] and [blank_start]____[blank_end] signs. Their presence may be associated with other anomalies including congenital clubfoot and clenched fists.

A [blank_start]____[blank_end] is a type of lymphatic angioma that may be associated with chromosomal aneuploidy and poor pregnancy outcome.

For each of the following teratogenic substances, list a potential consequence/fetal anomaly. Primary rubella infection[blank_start],[blank_end] tetracycline exposure[blank_start],[blank_end] high maternal blood sugar levels[blank_start],[blank_end] thalidomide[blank_start],[blank_end] primary zika infection[blank_start],[blank_end] carbamazepin[blank_start]e[blank_end]

A type of lower limb defect known technically as congenital vertical talus is also a feature of trisomy 18[blank_start].[blank_end]

A type of upper limb defect caused by a defect of the digital rays to form a central digit or digits[blank_start].[blank_end]

The most common musculoskeletal deformation, also associated with some neural tube defects[blank_start].[blank_end]

A condition involving a hemifacial hemangioma (port-wine stain) and possibly an underlying angioma in the meninges of the brain that causes seizures[blank_start].[blank_end]

Enlargement of male breast tissue, often associated with Klinefelter syndrome[blank_start].[blank_end]

The karyotype for Klinefelter syndrome[blank_start].[blank_end]

The term that describes supernumerary nipples[blank_start].[blank_end]

This soft marker is characterized by a dilated renal pelvis easily detectable by prenatal ultrasound. It is seen in about 25% of fetuses that have Down syndrome[blank_start].[blank_end]