1050067
Description
Flashcards by Jenny Kavanagh, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jenny Kavanagh
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| interactional language | the language of informal speech; it has a social function - its purpose is to develop relationships between speakers |
| referential language | provides the listener with information; used to refer to objects or to abstract concepts; the speaker assumes knowledge from the listener and the listener has to understand the context before they can make sense of the references (e.g. the parcel is being delivered at two o'clock) |
| expressive language | highlights the speaker's emotions, feelings and attitudes; shows the speaker's judgements or feelings about another person, event or situation. |
| transactional language | this is about getting information or making a deal, e.g. buying or selling |
| phatic language | language used for social purposes rather than to convey serious meaning; e.g. when someone comments about the weather as a means of initiating a conversation |
| 1. worked out in advance 2. designed for specific audience and purpose 3. needs to be well written 4. performed or delivered to try and make an impact 5. needs to maintain the interest of listeners 6. examples include political speeches and sermons | features of prepared speech |
| 1. not prepared or written down beforehand 2. delivered on the spot as soon as, or shortly after, the idea comes to the speaker 3. usually informal (depending on context) 4. usually shared with people known to the speaker 5. mainly in response to another speaker | features of spontaneous speech |
| ellipsis | where part of a grammatical structure is omitted without affecting understanding; e.g. (Are) You going to come round later? It makes the tone more casual |
| phatic expressions | These play a key role in spontaneous speech, especially when initiating a conversation. The comments have no great meaning or interest in themselves, but are designed to help conversations get started, keep going or finish. |
| false starts | These occur regularly in conversation. The speaker changes their train of thought halfway through, and begins the utterance again. |
| back-channelling | used to feed back to a speaker that what they're saying is being understood, e.g. I see. You can also give feedback non-verbally |
| deictic expressions | pointers that refer the listener backwards, forwards or outside a text. Most common are words such as this, that, here and there. You can't understand them unless you know their context. |
| non-fluency features | devices that interrupt the flow of talk: hesitation or repetition, fillers such as 'um' or 'er', interruptions and overlaps |
| elision | the slurring together of sounds or syllables, e.g. gonna rather than going to - this saves time and is less formal |
| hedging | shows uncertainty in a conversation - words like perhaps or maybe are used to weaken the force of what you're saying |
| openings responses adjacency pairs signalling closure | some features of all conversations |
| topic shifts | change of subject; it can be one of the features of domineering speakers when they try to control the content and direction of a conversation |
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