12417070
Description
Flashcards by Mizu Chang, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Mizu Chang
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Meta language | - used to talk about object language - strictly defined -use of terminology |
| Object language | - language that is object of studies - usually marked out in "italics" from surrounding text |
| Branches of linguistics | - Phonetics - Phonology |
| Phonetics | - describes properties of speech sounds (articulation...) - transcribes speech sounds (writes down pronunciation) |
| Phonology | - -analyses funtion of speech sounds as smallest units of the language system - segmental phonology |
| phonotactics | analyses rules for combination into syllables |
| suprasegmental phonology | - analyses properties of larger stretches of speech ( word stress, intonation) |
| Morphology | - investigates internal structure of words & analyses smallest, meaningful part of language - 2 categories |
| 1. inflectional morphology | am, is go, goes - morphemes indicate particular grammatical category (plural, case) |
| 2. word formation | learn, dislearn tolerate, tolerant - morphemes out of which new words can be created |
| Pragmatics | - meaning of utterances - communicative value of each utterance within sequence e.g. "Can you tell me the time?" |
| Semantics | 1. lexical semantics 2. formal semantics |
| 1. lexical semantics | - analyses meaning of single words |
| 2. formal semantics | - analyses meaning of larger linguistic units ( sentences) |
| Syntax | - set of rules, principles & processes that govern structure of sentences - includes word order - operates above the word-boundary |
| Sociolinguistics | - analyses how language use changes (varies) according to social factors - language caiation to speaker-internal factors (age, gender, ethnicity) - according to speaker-external factors (style, genre) e.g. invitation: "We request the honour of your presence..." spoken: " Will you come to..." |
| language | - form of communication: endless amount of new messages - specifically human, kind of interactive behaviour - human tool for basis of precise abstract thought - each language = different world view |
| history of language | - no 1 theory - theories develop within context of their own time - different methods |
| Methods to develop theories | 1. observational / usage data 2. experimental data - same data can have different interpretation |
| Humboldt 1 | 1. as expression of culture & understanding of speech community (Weltsicht) ----> Linuistic Relativity |
| Humboldt 2 | 2. as a tool which allows use of "finite elements" to produce infinity of new untterances ----> Genarative Language |
| structuralistic linguistics 1 | - web of interconnected but abstract structural oppositions between linguistics signs - Ferdinand de Saussure founded modern linguistics - language as system of interrelated signs |
| structuralistic linguistics 2 | (1) arbitrariness of linguistc sign (2) signs in chain & in choice relations (3) distinction between 2 basic aspects of language of different relevance to linguistics |
| langue | - an abstaction - rules + units of the language system |
| parole | - speech - observable events of actual language use |
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