Semantics

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Einige Grundbegriffe der Semantik. Englische Sprachwissenschaft
Michael Tewes
Flashcards by Michael Tewes, updated more than 1 year ago
Michael Tewes
Created by Michael Tewes over 8 years ago
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Question Answer
General definition? Semantics is the study of sentence meaning and word meaning
What is reflexivity? Reflexivity is a type of interpretation wherein two arguments of the same predicate co-refer. "I spoke to John about HIMSELF" (reflexive pronoun)
Explain the terms "use" and "mention" in context of words. Give an example. MENTIONED: "What is the meaning of 'sesquipedalian'? USE: "He is inordinately fond of the sesquipedalian turn of phrase."
What are "object language" and "meta-language"? If using language to describe another language: OBJECT-language is the described language META-language is the describing language
What are "types" and "tokens"? Relationship between "type" and "toke" is called INSTANTIATION TYPE: is a kind of something (i.e. the word-type "letter") TOKEN: is a unique entity of a type (object of type class)
Definition of WORD A word is any sequence of letters which is bounded on either side by a space.
Definition of LEXEMES A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning that exists regardless of the number of inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. run, runs, ran => same lexeme
Definition of HOMONYM A homonym is one of a group of words, that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings. Homograph and homophone bank (to sit) bank (for money)
Definition of HOMOGRAPH A homograph is a word that shares the same written form as another word, but has a different meaning. bank (to sit) bank (for money)
Definition of HOMOPHONE A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning and MAY differ in spelling. read (past tense of "to read") red (color)
Definition of UTTERANCE Harris (1951): An utterance is "any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is silence on the part of that person."
Explain INTONATION and STRESS By using INTONATION and STRESS when speaking, one can imply additional information: Q: "Have you seen Mary?" A1: "I haven't SEEN her." => But heard of? A2: "I haven't seen HER." => But someone else?
Definition of MORPHEME A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit carrying meaning. Free morpheme: "town", "dog" Bound morpheme: "-ing", "un-" (as affixes: prefix and suffix)
What is PART-WHOLE ALTERNATION It's a relationship between the WHOLE and its PARTS: Sub Verb Whole ON Part 1. arm / body 2. chair / furniture I KISSED Amy on the cheek. *I DESTROYED Amy on the elbow.
Explain MIDDLE CONSTRUCTION Sentence structure for transitive verbs, that affect the object: 1. The bread cuts easily. 2. Crystal vases break easily. 3. * Cats touch easily
What is an INCHOATIVE form? Similar in meaning to the passive form. 1. a) Janet broke the vase. b) The vase broke. 2. a) Terry touched the cat. b) * The cat touched.
Explain HYPONYMY and HYPERNYMY Hyponymy and hypernyms refer to a relationship between a general term and more specific terms that fall under the category of the general item: color (hypernym) => red, blue, yellow (hyponyms)
Explain SYNONYMY Synonymy refers to words that are pronounced and spelled differently but contain the same meaning. happy, joyful, glad
Explain ANTONYMY Antonymy refers to words that are related by having the opposite meaning to each other.
What are GRADED ANTONYMS Opposites ends of a spectrum. Hot : cold
What are COMPLEMENTARY ANTONYMS? Opposite in meaning without continuous spectrum. dead : alive
What are RELATIONAL ANTONYMS? Opposites, only makes sense in the context of the relationship... no lexical opposite! Husband : wife
What is a CONATIVE CONSTRUCTION X DIRECTS action AT Y Transitiv verbs are not all accepted in the CONATIVE CONSTRUCTION: 1. Margaret cut at the bread. 2. *Janet broke at the vase.
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