8873758
Description
Mind Map by Florence Papworth, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Florence Papworth
over 7 years ago
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Hormones of the kidney,
micturition
- Learning objectives:
- atrial naturietic hormone
- overview of fluid/solute balance, role of kidney
- diuretics
- micturition
- atrial naturietic hormone
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- synthesised and released
from cardiac atrial cells
- released in response to atrial
stretch (increased ECV)
- Atrial = heart.
Natriuretic = put
sodium into urine
- ANP released in
response to:
- low Na+ resabsorption
- inhibition of aldosterone
production
- reduction of renin release
- vasodilation of afferent
arteriole = increased GFR
- Results in INCREASED SODIUM
EXCRETION into urine, REDUCTION
OF ECV
- (water moves from blood into urine as
Na+ is excreted into it- so reduced blood
ECV as water leaves)
- (water moves from blood into urine as
Na+ is excreted into it- so reduced blood
ECV as water leaves)
- low Na+ resabsorption
- synthesised and released
from cardiac atrial cells
- Overview of sodium
regulation
- Na+ vital for regulation of ECF volume
- occurs via changes in ECV - renin -
angiotensin system and aldosterone
- ANGIOTENSIN 2 - increases Na+/H+ exchange in
proximal tubule - increases Na reabsorption
and collecting duct
- ALDOSTERONE - promotes Na+
reabsorption in distal tubule and
collecting duct
- ANP - reduces Na+ reabsorption in collecting
duct - also acts on distal tubule. Also increases
GFR
- Na+ vital for regulation of ECF volume
- Sodium regulation
hormones
- Angiotensin 2 - enhancement of
Na+ + H+ exchange in the proximal
tubule. Reduction of GFR
- ANP - increases GFR
- Aldosterone - increased Na+
reabsorption in distal tubule
and collecting duct
- ANP - decreased Na+
reabsorption in distal
tubule and collecting duct
- Angiotensin 2 - enhancement of
Na+ + H+ exchange in the proximal
tubule. Reduction of GFR
- Potassium regulation
- Low dietary K+ = K+ secreted into capillaries
- 67% secreted
-proximal
tubule
- 20%
secreted -
ascending
loh
- Distal tubule and
collecting duct - variable
secretion/reabsorption
according to dietary
intake
- Distal tubule and
collecting duct - variable
secretion/reabsorption
according to dietary
intake
- 20%
secreted -
ascending
loh
- 67% secreted
-proximal
tubule
- ALDOSTERONE - promotes K+
secretion in collecting duct -
hormonal effect
- normal /high levels
of K+ intake = 5-30%
K+ secreted into
urine - collecting
duct
- Low dietary K+ = K+ secreted into capillaries
- Calcium reabsorption
- 67% reabsorbed - proximal tubule.
20% reabsorbed = acending limb.
8% reabsorption - distal tubule
- Distal tubule = secondary
active transport of Ca2+
using Ca2+ATPase antiport
with Sk+
- Ca2+ moved from apical
membrane of collecting duct
into capillaries
- Ca2+ moved from apical
membrane of collecting duct
into capillaries
- Distal tubule = secondary
active transport of Ca2+
using Ca2+ATPase antiport
with Sk+
- Ca2+ATPase uses active
form of Vitamin D = 2,25
dihydroxycholecalciferol)
- 67% reabsorbed - proximal tubule.
20% reabsorbed = acending limb.
8% reabsorption - distal tubule
- Dieuretics
- Proximal tubule = osmotic direutics
= manitol, glucose = CARBONIC
ANHYDRASE inhibitors
- Distal tubule - THIAZIDE
diuretics - block Na+
transporter in distal tubule
- Collecting duct = K+ sparing diuretics -
aldosterone antagonist, lower reabsorption of
Na+ and secretion of K+ from principal cells =
SPIRONOLACTONE
- Na+ channel blockers - lower
Na+ entry across apical
membrane e.g. AMILORIDE
- Na+ channel blockers - lower
Na+ entry across apical
membrane e.g. AMILORIDE
- Distal tubule - THIAZIDE
diuretics - block Na+
transporter in distal tubule
- Loop diuretics = inhibit Na+ reuptake in
ascending limb - decreases solute of
medulla - lower osmolarity of urine e.g.
FUROSEMIDE
Annotations:
- thick ascending limb = TAL Furosemide - water diuretic pill
- Proximal tubule = osmotic direutics
= manitol, glucose = CARBONIC
ANHYDRASE inhibitors
- Renal physiology -
main functions
- Regulation of water and salt balance
- excrete or conserve H2O, Na+ and K+
- excrete or conserve H2O, Na+ and K+
- Removal of metabolic waste products
- urea/uric acid, excess solutes
- urea/uric acid, excess solutes
- Removal of foreign substances
- drugs or metabolites
- drugs or metabolites
- Regulation of pH
- i.e. HCO3- and H+
- i.e. HCO3- and H+
- Regulation of water and salt balance
- Other important renal
functions
- Hormone
production
- RENIN - regulates angiotensin 2
- ERYTHROPROTEIN - stimulation of erythrocyte
production
- CALCITROL (vitamin D) - calcium regulation
- RENIN - regulates angiotensin 2
- Production of glucose from substances
other than CHO's = glucneogenesis
- Hormone
production
- Erythroprotein, EPO
- Hormone produced in
the kidney
- stimulates red blood cell
production in bone marrow
- Also involved in:
- wound healing
- neuronal protection e.g. after stoke
- angiogenesis
- wound healing
- (used by endurance cyclists)
- Hormone produced in
the kidney
- Micturition
- Excreting urine
- urine composition leaving
bladder remains same leaving
renal pelvis EXCEPT HORSE
- Transported along
ureters -> bladder ->
peristalic contractions
of SMOOTH muscle
- Transported along
ureters -> bladder ->
peristalic contractions
of SMOOTH muscle
- Tonic S activity = bladder
relaxed, internal sphincter
closed
- Tonic SOMATIC
activity = external
sphincter closed
- Tonic SOMATIC
activity = external
sphincter closed
- Bladder full = increased pressure =
increased activity in sensory neurone
- reflex emptying = increased parasympathetic -> bladder
contractions -> decreased somatic activity to external
sphincter
- reflex emptying = increased parasympathetic -> bladder
contractions -> decreased somatic activity to external
sphincter
- Parasympathetic and
Somatic = S2-S4
- PS =smooth muscle wall of bladder
- somatic = outer urethral sphincter -> higher
brain centres
- somatic = outer urethral sphincter -> higher
brain centres
- PS =smooth muscle wall of bladder
- Sympathetic = L1-L2
- S= inner urethral sphincter
- S= inner urethral sphincter
- Excreting urine
- KEY POINTS
- 1. ADH (vasopressin) - regulation of ECF osmolarity
- 2. ANP - up regulation of sodium excretion
- 4. Overview of mechanisms for regulating body fluid
- 3. Renin - angiotensin - regualtion of fluid volume
- 5. Role of sodium in regulating body fluid volume
- 6. Main characteristics of classes of diuretics
- 7. Mechanisms of the control of micturition
- 1. ADH (vasopressin) - regulation of ECF osmolarity
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