Question 1
Question
G1 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Question 2
Question
S phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Question 3
Question
G2 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Question 4
Question
M phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Question 5
Question
What is mitotic spindle composed of?
Answer
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Microtubules
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MTAP's
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Intermediate filaments
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Actin filaments
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Centrioles
Question 6
Question
When does chromosome packaging occur?
Question 7
Question
There are many histone genes that can make lots of histones to match the production of DNA during S phase.
Question 8
Question
What is the process of mitosis?
Answer
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Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
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Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
Question 9
Question
SPACER - CELL PROLIF 1,2,3 CONTINUE AFTER FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Question 10
Question
What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
Answer
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Interstitial fluid
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Blood plasma
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Intracellular fluid
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Intercellular fluid
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Red blood cells
Question 11
Question
[K+] in interstitial fluid > [K+] in the intracellular fluid
Question 12
Question
Osmolarity takes into the concentration of what two types of solutes?
Answer
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Non-permeable
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Permeable
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Ionising
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Suspending
Question 13
Question
In normal conditions the ICF and ECF tend to be in equilibrium at an osmolarity of around ~289mOsmol/L
Question 14
Question
A 300Mm solution of glucose = A 300Mm solution of NaCl
Question 15
Question
If there is not osmotic balance, how can the cell try to bring back balance?
Answer
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Selective opening and closing of ion channels
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Opening all the ion channels
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Pumping water out via active transport pumps
Question 16
Question
Tonicity only considers which type of solute?
Answer
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Non-permeable
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Permeable
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Ionising
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Suspending
Question 17
Question
The osmotic pressure is dependent on the total concentration of all solutes.
Question 18
Question
The osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to prevent inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Question 19
Question
With osmolarity problems, the permeable solute will move to concentrations of lower permeable solute. With tonicity problems, water will move to the area with the highest concentration of non-permeable solute.
Question 20
Question
A small change in the concentration of organic ions creates a small potential difference across the membrane.
Question 21
Question
If K+ leaves the cell, the negative charge created in the cell will attract the positive K+ back into the cell and therefore there is typically no net movement of ions.
Question 22
Question
Why is Goldmann's equation more useful than Nernst's?
Answer
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Goldmann's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Nernst's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
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Nernst's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Goldmann's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
Question 23
Question
Ions with a greater concentration outside of the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Question 24
Question
Ions with a greater concentration inside the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Question 25
Question
The RMP of a cell is closest to potassium because potassium is the most permeable ion. RMP is determined by the membranes high permeability to potassium.
Question 26
Question
Necrosis damages surrounding cells because of hydrolytic enzyme release from what organelle?
Answer
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Lysosomes
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Peroxisomes
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Mitochondria
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Golgi apparatus
Question 27
Question
Apoptosis is...?
Answer
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Controlled cell death
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Uncontrolled cell death
Question 28
Question
What is happening in the first stage of apoptosis?
Answer
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The cell shrivels
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The nucleus fragments
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The plasma membrane breaks down
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Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
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Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Question 29
Question
What is happening in the second stage of apoptosis?
Answer
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The cell shrivels
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The nucleus fragments
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The plasma membrane breaks down
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Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
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Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Question 30
Question
What is happening in the third stage of apoptosis?
Answer
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The cell shrivels
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The nucleus fragments
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The plasma membrane breaks down
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Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
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Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Question 31
Question
The ECM are basement membrane are needed for development of cells. Without these factors, the cell has a disorganised structure.
Question 32
Question
Why do burns victims not have a good prognosis?
Answer
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The basement membrane is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
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The cytoskeleton is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
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The granular layer of epidermis is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
Question 33
Question
Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that are bound to ECM trigger active intracellular responses that impact on cell proliferation / attachments.
Question 34
Question
Various cell factors may tell the cell to do which of the following things?
Answer
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Proliferate (Growth factors)
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Become dormant (Survival factors)
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Differentiate (Differentiation factors)
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Undergo apoptosis (Death signal)
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Necrotise (Necrotic factors)
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Expand (Expansive factor)
Question 35
Question
Mitogenic growth factors have effect from the start of G1 until which stage of the cell cycle?
Answer
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S phase
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G1
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G2
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M
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R point - 3/4 through G1
Question 36
Question
When growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors, what happens intracellularly?
Question 37
Question
Phosphorylation of Tyr residues produces intracellular effects
Question 38
Question
Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell death.
Question 39
Question
Proteins recognise phosphorylated tyrosine domains. GDP is then substituted for GTP in RAS. Why is the hydrolysis of GTP important?
Question 40
Question
Without checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle, such as the role of TGF-b, loss of checkpoints occur and genomic instability and thus cell proliferation occurs.
Question 41
Question
Cyclin proteins increase the quantity of Cyclin dependent kinases.
Question 42
Question
Growth factors and Integrins result in Cyclin D production which helps to progress the cell through the cell cycle
Question 43
Question
pRb is the guardian of S phase.
Question 44
Question
The function of CDK inhibitors such as p21 is to inhibit the cell cycle and prevent excessive cell proliferation (e.g. if damaged DNA is detected).
Question 45
Question
If a CDK inhibitor is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, its inhibitory effect is stopped.
Question 46
Question
What are triggers for apoptosis to occur?
Question 47
Question
Which protein receives information about metabolic disorders and genetic damage within the cell and initiates repair (minor) or apoptosis (major)?
Question 48
Question
The intrinsic pathway that initiates apoptosis involves what signal that causes release of cytochrome c?
Question 49
Question
BCL-2 can keep Cytochrome C trapped in the mitochondria; prevent apoptosis.