PHSI3012 12-1 Diabetes and its Medical Complications (T3L5)

Diabetes is diagnosed when: - The fasting glucose level is [blank_start]_____[blank_end] (on 2 separate occasions); - Glucose is [blank_start]_____[blank_end] 2 hours after a glucose drink (on 2 separate occasions); - The HbA1c level is [blank_start]_____[blank_end] (on 2 separate occasions). (HbA1c is glycosylated haemoglobin (occurs when Hb exposed to high glucose concentrations). It’s considered indicative of CHRONIC hyperglycaemia.

All 3 types of diabetes are increasing in prevalence (in Aus). They are: Type 1 diabetes (accounting for [blank_start]_____[blank_end] of diabetes); Type 2 diabetes (accounting for [blank_start]_____[blank_end] of diabetes); Gestational diabetes (also increasing).

Correlation of diabetes and obesity: [blank_start]_____[blank_end] of diabetics are overweight; [blank_start]_____[blank_end] of overweight people have diabetes.

The complications of diabetes can be both MACROVASCULAR and MICROVASCULAR. Which is each? (put them in alphabetical order) MACROVASCULAR: [blank_start]__________[blank_end], [blank_start]__________[blank_end], [blank_start]__________[blank_end]; MICROVASCULAR: [blank_start]__________[blank_end], [blank_start]__________[blank_end], [blank_start]__________[blank_end].

The link between impaired glucose metabolism and microvascular pathophysiology (e.g. diabetic retinopathy) is through the [blank_start]__________[blank_end] pathway. (in the presence of hyperglycaemia, aldose reductase catalyses the conversion of glucose into [above])

Hyperglycaemia [blank_start]__________[blank_end] the activity of the Polyol pathway (which involves Sorbitol).

Diabetic complications are common. [blank_start]_____[blank_end] of people with diabetes will develop impaired vision due to retinopathy; [blank_start]_____[blank_end] of people with diabetes will experience some form of neuropathy; [blank_start]_____[blank_end] of people with diabetes will develop symptoms of nephropathy (most of whom will go on to end-stage renal disease).

AGE = ??