Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Define Homologous pairs
Respuesta
-
are pairs of proteins for translocation
-
alike in structure and size, each carries genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics
-
the sex chromosomes, otherwise known as gametes
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
In general the ploidy of the cell indicates how many sets of genetic information the cell possesses. How many sets does diploid, haploid and polyploid have?
Respuesta
-
4, 5, and a lot
-
2, 1, and 3 or more
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochores form and the spindle microtubules attach is
Respuesta
-
telomere
-
chromatid
-
centromere
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What are telomeres?
Respuesta
-
at the end caps of chromosomes, their purpose is to protect and stabilize the chromosome
-
provide a spot to form spindle microtubules to attach
-
Meerkat telophones
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Rank the stages of the cell cycle in order.
1. [blank_start]G-1[blank_end]: cell grows, proteins for cell division synthesized
2. [blank_start]G-0[blank_end]: non-dividing stage, can re-enter G-1 from here
3. [blank_start]G-1/S[blank_end] checkpoint: holds cell in G-1 until all enzymes needed for replication are obtained
4. [blank_start]S Phase[blank_end]: DNA duplicates
5. [blank_start]G-2[blank_end]: cell prepares for mitosis
6. [blank_start]G-2/M checkpoint[blank_end]: proceeds to M-phase only if all DNA is replicated and undamaged
7. [blank_start]M Phase[blank_end]: nuclear and cell division
8. [blank_start]Spindle Assembly Checkpoint[blank_end]
9. [blank_start]Cytokinesis[blank_end]: the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
The extended period between cell divisions, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase is known as
Respuesta
-
metaphase
-
anaphase
-
Interphase
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
what stage do Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms.
Respuesta
-
prophase
-
anaphase
-
telophase
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What phase does the nuclear envelope disintegrates and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores
Respuesta
-
prophase
-
anaphase
-
prometaphase
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What phase do chromosomes align on the metaphase plate and is also known as the spindle-assembly checkpoint?
Respuesta
-
telophase
-
metaphase
-
prometaphase
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What phase do sister chromatids separate (move apart) becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles?
Respuesta
-
metaphase
-
anaphase
-
interphase
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What phase do chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, nuclear envelope re-forms, and condensed chromosomes relax? (2 nucleus are formed)
Respuesta
-
telophase
-
anaphase
-
metaphase
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
What is the term used for when the cytoplasm divides (a cell wall is formed in plant cells)?
Respuesta
-
meiosis
-
mitosis
-
cytokinesis
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Rank in order the steps of the M phase
1. [blank_start]prophase[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]prometaphase[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]metaphase[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]anaphase[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]telophase[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]cytokinesis[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
prophase
-
prometaphase
-
metaphase
-
anaphase
-
telophase
-
cytokinesis
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
What is a centrosome?
Respuesta
-
the center of the chromosome
-
an organelle near the nucleus of a cell
-
contains the centrioles (in animal cells) from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
-
the powerhouse of the cell
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What happens in mieosis I?
Respuesta
-
separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division
-
separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half
-
cytoplasm divides and 2 cells are formed
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What happens in Mieosis II?
Respuesta
-
separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division
-
separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of chromosome number by half
-
chromosomes condense and mitotic spindles form
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Rank the stages of mieosis I & II in order
1. [blank_start]Middle prophase[blank_end]: chromosomes begin to condense and the spindle forms
2. [blank_start]late prophase 1[blank_end]: homologous chromosomes pair, crossing over takes place and the nuclear membrane breaks down
3. [blank_start]Metaphase 1[blank_end]: Homologous pairs line up along the metaphase plate
4. [blank_start]anaphase 1[blank_end]: Homologous chromosomes move apart and go toward opposite poles
5. [blank_start]Telophase 1[blank_end]: Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides
6. [blank_start]Prophase 2[blank_end]: chromosomes re-condense
7. [blank_start]metaphase 2[blank_end]: Individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
8. [blank_start]anaphase 2[blank_end]: sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles
9. [blank_start]telophase 2[blank_end]: chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides
10. [blank_start]Products: 4 gametes[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Middle prophase
-
late prophase 1
-
Metaphase 1
-
anaphase 1
-
Telophase 1
-
Prophase 2
-
metaphase 2
-
anaphase 2
-
telophase 2
-
Products: 4 gametes
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
[blank_start]Spermatogenesis[blank_end] or male gametogenesis starts with a [blank_start]spermatogonium[blank_end] entering into [blank_start]prophase 1[blank_end] becoming a [blank_start]primary spermatocyte[blank_end]. It undergoes [blank_start]mieosis 1[blank_end] and yields [blank_start]2 secondary spermatocytes[blank_end]. Those undergo [blank_start]mieosis 2[blank_end] and together produce [blank_start]4 spermatids[blank_end] that mature into [blank_start]sperm cells[blank_end].
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
[blank_start]Oogenesis[blank_end] or female gametogenesis starts with 1 [blank_start]oogonium[blank_end], that enters [blank_start]prophase 1[blank_end] to become a [blank_start]primary oocyte[blank_end]. It goes through [blank_start]mieosis 1[blank_end] and forms a [blank_start]secondary oocyte[blank_end] and a [blank_start]polar body[blank_end]. The polar body [blank_start]disintegrates[blank_end]. The secondary oocyte goes through [blank_start]mieosis 2[blank_end] and an ovum and a polar body forms. The polar body disintegrates and what's left is [blank_start]1 ovum (egg)[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Oogenesis
-
oogonium
-
prophase 1
-
primary oocyte
-
mieosis 1
-
secondary oocyte
-
polar body
-
disintegrates
-
mieosis 2
-
1 ovum (egg)
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Choose characteristics that apply to prokaryotic cells
Respuesta
-
has a nucleus, large diameter, multiple linear DNA molecules, complexed with histones, large amount of DNA, membrane bound organelles are present
-
no nucleus, small diameter, usually 1 circular DNA molecule, not complexed with histones, small amount of DNA, no membrance bound organelles, allvarchaea and bacteria
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
Respuesta
-
has a nucleus, large diameter, multiple linear DNA molecules, complexed with histones, large amount of DNA, membrane bound organelles are present
-
no nucleus, small diameter, usually 1 circular DNA molecule, not complexed with histones, small amount of DNA, no membrance bound organelles, allvarchaea and bacteria
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
An inherited factor (region of DNA) that helps determine a characteristic is a
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene is called
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
A specific place on on a chromosome occupies by an allele is
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
A set of alleles possessed by an individual organism is called a
Respuesta
-
characteristic
-
phenotype
-
genotype
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic is a
Respuesta
-
genotype
-
phenotype
-
characteristic
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
An attribute or feature possessed by an organism is a
Respuesta
-
characteristic
-
phenotype
-
genotype
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
An individual organism possessing 2 different alleles at a locus is a
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
An individual organism possessing 2 of the same alleles at a locus is a
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Gregor Mendal crossed fertilized pea plants and discovered
Respuesta
-
the passing of traits from parents to offspring, also known as the basic principles of inheritance
-
that DNA is the shape of a helix
-
DNA carries the genetic information for characteristics
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Mendel's Laws:
1. The Principle of [blank_start]Segregation[blank_end]: the two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele.
2. The Principle of [blank_start]Independent Assortment[blank_end]: Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in the formation of gametes.
3. The Principle of [blank_start]Dominance[blank_end]: If one parent has two copies of allele A -- the dominant allele -- and the second parent has two copies of allele a-- the recessive allele -- then the offspring will inherit an Aa genotype and display the dominant phenotype.
Respuesta
-
Segregation
-
Independent Assortment
-
Dominance
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
What is the Chi Square & goodness fit test?
Respuesta
-
indicates that probability that the difference between the observed and the expected values is due to chance
-
then probability results of a punnet square
-
results of the probability of a test cross
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
what is the formula for Chi Square & goodness test?
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
How do you calculate degrees of freedom?
Respuesta
-
n (number of different expected phenotypes) - 1
-
n (number of different expected genotypes) - 1
-
n (number of different expected phenotypes) - 4
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Autosomal Recessive traits
Respuesta
-
appear with equal frequency in males and females. Unaffected do not pass the trait. Affected have at least one affected parent.
-
usually appear with equal frequencies in male & females and often skip generations. More likely to appear among progeny of related parents
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Autosomal dominant traits
Respuesta
-
appear with equal frequency in males and females. Unaffected do not pass the trait. Affected have at least one affected parent.
-
usually appear with equal frequencies in male & females and often skip generations. More likely to appear among progeny of related parents
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Which gene on the Y chromosome determines maleness?
Respuesta
-
ATC gene
-
LMG gene
-
SRY gene
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Fill in the blank.
[blank_start]Klinefelter Syndrome[blank_end] [blank_start](XXY, XXYY, XXXY)[blank_end]: Male traits, tall, small testes, reduced facial & pubic hair.
[blank_start]Turner Syndrome[blank_end] [blank_start](XO)[blank_end]: Female Traits, short, low hairline, broad chest, neck folds.
[blank_start]Poly-X females[blank_end] [blank_start](XXX. XXXX, XXXXX)[blank_end]: Female traits, tall and thin
[blank_start]XYY males[blank_end]: Males traits and tall.
Respuesta
-
Klinefelter Syndrome
-
(XXY, XXYY, XXXY)
-
Turner Syndrome
-
(XO)
-
Poly-X females
-
(XXX. XXXX, XXXXX)
-
XYY males
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What was Thomas Hunt Morgan able explain after his experiments with red-eyed and white-eyed Drosophilia flies?
Respuesta
-
Principle of Segregation
-
Principle of inheritance
-
Sex-linked inheritance
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
What is a Barr Body?
Respuesta
-
an activated, expanded X chromosome found in female cells
-
an inactivated, condensed X chromosome found in female cells
-
the inactive X chromosome in male cells
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Since females possess two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and a [blank_start]Y chromosomes[blank_end], Barr bodies are essential to regulate the amount of X-linked gene product being transcribed. To ensure that X-linked gene product doses are kept similar between males and females, one of the [blank_start]X chromosomes[blank_end] in a female becomes very condensed - [blank_start]the Barr body[blank_end]. This results in the genetic information on the chromosome being inaccessible to proteins that cause gene transcription. This is known as [blank_start]Dosage Compensation[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
X chromosomes
-
Y chromosomes
-
the Barr body
-
Dosage Compensation
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes is [blank_start]complete dominance[blank_end].
Phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (falls within the range) between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes. Mixture of dominant and recessive. Example: RR (red) + rr (white) = Rr (pink). This is a definition of [blank_start]incomplete dominance[blank_end].
Phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes. Examples are spotted flowers, horses or cows. This is a definition of [blank_start]codominance[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
complete dominance
-
incomplete dominance
-
codominance
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
The percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype is [blank_start]penetrance[blank_end].
The degree to which a characteristic is expressed is [blank_start]expressivity[blank_end].
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Which genotype for color is lethal in mice?
Respuesta
-
Yy (yellow - heterozygous)
-
YY (yellow - dominant homozygous)
-
yy (non-yellow - recessive homozygous)
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
An example of [blank_start]recessive epistasis[blank_end] ([blank_start]9:3:4[blank_end] phenotype) is Coat color in Labradors: B_E_ (black), bbE_ (brown), B_ee (yellow), bbee (yellow).
An example of [blank_start]dominant epistasis[blank_end] ([blank_start]12:3:1[blank_end] phenotype) is Summer Squash color: W_Y_(white), W_yy (white), wwY_ (yellow), wwyy (green).
An example of [blank_start]duplicate recessive epistatis[blank_end] ([blank_start]9:7[blank_end] phenotype) is Sweat Pea flower color: CCPP, CCP_, C_PP, C_P_ += purple, CC__, C___, __PP, __P_, ____ = white
The ratio for duplicate dominant epistasis is [blank_start]15:1[blank_end].