Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Which curvatures of the spine are lordotic?
Respuesta
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacral/coccygeal
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which curvatures of the spine are kyphotic?
Respuesta
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacral/coccygeal
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Why is the vertebral column particularly flexible?
Respuesta
-
Only small displacements of multiple linkages necessary for overall motion
-
Only a few highly mobile articulations
-
No ligaments joining adjacent vertebrae - only intervertebral discs
-
No muscles attach to the vertebral column
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Which are the primary curves of the spine that are retained from the original foetal curvature?
Respuesta
-
Thoracic
-
Sacrococcygeal
-
Lumbar
-
Cervical
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Which secondary curve of the spine develops as the child begins to hold its head up?
Respuesta
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacrococcygeal
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which secondary curve of the spine develops as a child begins to walk?
Respuesta
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacral
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks to label the structure of this thoracic vertebra.
Respuesta
-
Spinous process
-
Body
-
Vertebral foramen
-
Pedicle
-
Lamina
-
Transverse process
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Superior articular facet
-
Superior costal facet
-
Superior costal facet
-
Superior costal notch
-
Inferior vertebral notch
-
Inferior costal facet
-
Inferior articular facet
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Superior articular facet
-
Pedicle
-
Spinous process
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What are the intervertebral foramina?
Respuesta
-
Foramina between adjacent vertebrae that form between superior and inferior vertebral notches
-
The cavities formed by the vertebral arch extending from the body of the vertebrae
-
Foramina in the cervical vertebrae that allow the passage of the vertebral artery up to the brain
-
Foramina in the sacrum that allow the passage of the sacral spinal nerves out of the vertebral column
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Match the correct components of the vertebrae to their functions.
The [blank_start]body[blank_end] supports the whole body's weight.
The [blank_start]vertebral arch[blank_end] is formed by the [blank_start]laminae[blank_end] which protect the contents of the vertebral column and transmit force from the articular processes to the body of the vertebra. It is also formed by the [blank_start]pedicles[blank_end] which channel forces exerted on the posterior elements to the body to resist bending.
The [blank_start]vertebral foramen[blank_end] contains the spinal cord.
The [blank_start]superior/inferior vertebral nothces[blank_end] form intervertebral foramina between adjacent vertebrae to allow the exit of spinal nerves from the spinal cord.
The [blank_start]transverse processes[blank_end] and [blank_start]spinous processes[blank_end] allow sites for muscular attachment.
The [blank_start]facets[blank_end] are sites for the formation of synovial plane joints.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The internal structure of the vertebral body is trabeculated.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Other than the bone structure itself, what is another feature of the vertebral body that helps it support weight?
Respuesta
-
Filled with blood which absorbs load
-
Filled with collagen which resists deformation
-
Hollow which allows transmission of forces from trabeculae to compact bone
-
Filled with fat which absorbs load
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
How do we describe the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae?
Respuesta
-
Bifid (Y shaped)
-
Triradiate (Y shaped)
-
Dens
-
Vertebral prominens
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Which cervical vertebrae is palpable from the skin?
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Where are the extra foramina found on the cervical vertebrae?
Respuesta
-
Transverse processes
-
Spinous process
-
Pedicles
-
Laminae
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What passes through the transverse foramina in the cervical spine?
Respuesta
-
Vertebral artery
-
Spinal cord
-
Symapthetic chain
-
Vertebral vein
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What is the first cervical vertebra also referred to as?
Respuesta
-
The atlas
-
The axis
-
Vertebral prominens
-
Dens
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The atlas (C1) has no body or spinous process.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Which cervical vertebrae has the longest and most laterally extended transverse processes of the C spine?
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Why are the superior articular processes deeply curved on the C1 vertebra (the atlas)?
Respuesta
-
Articulation with occipotal condyles on base of skull
-
Articulation with T1 vertebrae
-
Articulation with mastoid process on skull
-
To allow the formation of a synovial joint
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
What is the axis?
Respuesta
-
The second cervical vertebra
-
The first cervical vertebra
-
The transverse process of the second cervical vertebra
-
The spinous process of the second cervical vertebra
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What is the odontoid process/dens?
Respuesta
-
Projection extending upwards from C2 body
-
Projection extending downwards from C2 body
-
The ligament holding the axis in articulation with the atlas
-
The spinous process of the C2 vertebra
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Label this diagram of a typical cervical vertebra, i.e. C3-C6.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Label this diagram of the cervical spine.
Respuesta
-
Dens
-
Transverse ligament
-
Axis
-
Atlas
-
C3
-
Spinous process
-
Vertebral prominens
-
Transverse process
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Label this diagram of C1, the atlas.
Respuesta
-
Dens
-
Transverse ligament
-
Transverse foramen
-
Transverse process
-
Anterior arch
-
Posterior arch
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Label this diagram of C2, the axis.
Respuesta
-
Dens
-
Transverse process
-
Transverse foramen
-
Lamina
-
Superior articular facet
-
Spinous process
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
This diagram shows the upper portion of the cervical spine. Label it to show how the force of the skull, shown by the black arrows, is transmitted through the C spine.
Respuesta
-
Occipotal condyle
-
Atlas
-
Axis
-
Body of C3
-
Body of C4
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
What limits flexion of the thoracic spine?
Respuesta
-
Long spinous process with pronounced downward angle that overlaps next inferior vertebrae
-
Short bifid spinous process that interlocks with next inferior vertebrae
-
Highly collagenous intervertebral discs
-
No intervertebral discs
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
In which direction do the superior articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae face?
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
In which direction do the inferior articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae face?
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Which feature of the thoracic vertebrae tells you that this is what you are examining?
Respuesta
-
Transverse costal facets on the transverse processes
-
Costal facets on the lateral sides of the body
-
Bifid spinous process
-
Smallest body of all the vertebrae
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Which facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs?
Respuesta
-
Transverse costal facets
-
Superior costal facet
-
Inferior costal facet
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Where do the costal articular facets move to the middle of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae?
Respuesta
-
T11 onwards
-
T8 onwards
-
At T12 only
-
T10 onwards
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks to label this image of a thoracic vertebra.
Respuesta
-
Body
-
Vertebral foramen
-
Superior vertebral notch
-
Superior costal facet
-
Superior articular facet
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Lamina
-
Spinous process
-
Pedicle
-
Body
-
Superior costal facet
-
Inferior costal facet
-
Inferior vertebral notch
-
Superior articular facet
-
Pedicle
-
Spinous process
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Transverse process
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Label this image of the thoracic spine, including where the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Which of the vertebrae have the largest relative size and thickness of their bodies?
Respuesta
-
Cervical
-
Lumbar
-
Thoracic
-
Sacrococcygeal
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What is a trend down the lumbar spine?
Respuesta
-
Vertebral foramina become more triangular
-
Vertebral foramina become more circular
-
Vertebral bodies become smaller
-
Vertebral bodies become more circular
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
What direction does the superior articular process of the lumbar vertebrae face?
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
What direction does the inferior articular process face in the lumbar vertebrae?
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
The lumbar vertebrae have no additional foramina or articular processes.
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Label these images of the lumbar vertebrae.
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The sacral vertebrae fuse in utero.
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks below to describe the origins of the sacral crests.
The median sacral crest is a remnant of the fused [blank_start]spinous processes[blank_end] of the sacral vertebrae.
The lateral sacral crest is a remnant of the fused [blank_start]transverse processes[blank_end] of the sacral vertebrae.
Respuesta
-
spinous processes
-
transverse processes
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Label this image to show the sacral crests.
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
What is the coccyx?
Respuesta
-
A fusion of 4 tiny coccygeal vertebrae
-
4 tiny coccygeal vertebrae joined by intervertebral disc
-
A single triangular bone articulated to the apex of the sacrum
-
A single triangular bone fused to the apex of the sacrum
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Label this diagram of the sacrum.
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
The coccyx is weight-bearing.
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Where does the sacral canal terminate?