Pregunta 1
Pregunta
G1 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Pregunta 2
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S phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Pregunta 3
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G2 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Pregunta 4
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M phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Pregunta 5
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What is mitotic spindle composed of?
Respuesta
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Microtubules
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MTAP's
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Intermediate filaments
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Actin filaments
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Centrioles
Pregunta 6
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When does chromosome packaging occur?
Pregunta 7
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There are many histone genes that can make lots of histones to match the production of DNA during S phase.
Pregunta 8
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What is the process of mitosis?
Respuesta
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Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
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Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
Pregunta 9
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SPACER - CELL PROLIF 1,2,3 CONTINUE AFTER FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Pregunta 10
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What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
Respuesta
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Interstitial fluid
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Blood plasma
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Intracellular fluid
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Intercellular fluid
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Red blood cells
Pregunta 11
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[K+] in interstitial fluid > [K+] in the intracellular fluid
Pregunta 12
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Osmolarity takes into the concentration of what two types of solutes?
Respuesta
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Non-permeable
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Permeable
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Ionising
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Suspending
Pregunta 13
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In normal conditions the ICF and ECF tend to be in equilibrium at an osmolarity of around ~289mOsmol/L
Pregunta 14
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A 300Mm solution of glucose = A 300Mm solution of NaCl
Pregunta 15
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If there is not osmotic balance, how can the cell try to bring back balance?
Respuesta
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Selective opening and closing of ion channels
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Opening all the ion channels
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Pumping water out via active transport pumps
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Tonicity only considers which type of solute?
Respuesta
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Non-permeable
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Permeable
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Ionising
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Suspending
Pregunta 17
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The osmotic pressure is dependent on the total concentration of all solutes.
Pregunta 18
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The osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to prevent inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Pregunta 19
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With osmolarity problems, the permeable solute will move to concentrations of lower permeable solute. With tonicity problems, water will move to the area with the highest concentration of non-permeable solute.
Pregunta 20
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A small change in the concentration of organic ions creates a small potential difference across the membrane.
Pregunta 21
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If K+ leaves the cell, the negative charge created in the cell will attract the positive K+ back into the cell and therefore there is typically no net movement of ions.
Pregunta 22
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Why is Goldmann's equation more useful than Nernst's?
Respuesta
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Goldmann's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Nernst's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
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Nernst's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Goldmann's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
Pregunta 23
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Ions with a greater concentration outside of the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Pregunta 24
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Ions with a greater concentration inside the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Pregunta 25
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The RMP of a cell is closest to potassium because potassium is the most permeable ion. RMP is determined by the membranes high permeability to potassium.
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Necrosis damages surrounding cells because of hydrolytic enzyme release from what organelle?
Respuesta
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Lysosomes
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Peroxisomes
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Mitochondria
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Golgi apparatus
Pregunta 27
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Apoptosis is...?
Respuesta
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Controlled cell death
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Uncontrolled cell death
Pregunta 28
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What is happening in the first stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
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The cell shrivels
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The nucleus fragments
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The plasma membrane breaks down
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Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
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Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Pregunta 29
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What is happening in the second stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
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The cell shrivels
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The nucleus fragments
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The plasma membrane breaks down
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Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
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Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Pregunta 30
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What is happening in the third stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
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The cell shrivels
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The nucleus fragments
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The plasma membrane breaks down
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Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
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Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The ECM are basement membrane are needed for development of cells. Without these factors, the cell has a disorganised structure.
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Why do burns victims not have a good prognosis?
Respuesta
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The basement membrane is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
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The cytoskeleton is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
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The granular layer of epidermis is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
Pregunta 33
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Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that are bound to ECM trigger active intracellular responses that impact on cell proliferation / attachments.
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Various cell factors may tell the cell to do which of the following things?
Respuesta
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Proliferate (Growth factors)
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Become dormant (Survival factors)
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Differentiate (Differentiation factors)
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Undergo apoptosis (Death signal)
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Necrotise (Necrotic factors)
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Expand (Expansive factor)
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Mitogenic growth factors have effect from the start of G1 until which stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
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S phase
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G1
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G2
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M
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R point - 3/4 through G1
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
When growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors, what happens intracellularly?
Pregunta 37
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Phosphorylation of Tyr residues produces intracellular effects
Pregunta 38
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Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell death.
Pregunta 39
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Proteins recognise phosphorylated tyrosine domains. GDP is then substituted for GTP in RAS. Why is the hydrolysis of GTP important?
Pregunta 40
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Without checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle, such as the role of TGF-b, loss of checkpoints occur and genomic instability and thus cell proliferation occurs.
Pregunta 41
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Cyclin proteins increase the quantity of Cyclin dependent kinases.
Pregunta 42
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Growth factors and Integrins result in Cyclin D production which helps to progress the cell through the cell cycle
Pregunta 43
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pRb is the guardian of S phase.
Pregunta 44
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The function of CDK inhibitors such as p21 is to inhibit the cell cycle and prevent excessive cell proliferation (e.g. if damaged DNA is detected).
Pregunta 45
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If a CDK inhibitor is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, its inhibitory effect is stopped.
Pregunta 46
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What are triggers for apoptosis to occur?
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Which protein receives information about metabolic disorders and genetic damage within the cell and initiates repair (minor) or apoptosis (major)?
Pregunta 48
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The intrinsic pathway that initiates apoptosis involves what signal that causes release of cytochrome c?
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
BCL-2 can keep Cytochrome C trapped in the mitochondria; prevent apoptosis.