IBS Set 2 Quiz - Cell proliferation and Fluid compartments

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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
G1 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
S phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
G2 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
M phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
What is mitotic spindle composed of?
Respuesta
  • Microtubules
  • MTAP's
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Actin filaments
  • Centrioles

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
When does chromosome packaging occur?
Respuesta
  • In S phase after DNA replication
  • After S phase
  • In M phase
  • In G1

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
There are many histone genes that can make lots of histones to match the production of DNA during S phase.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
What is the process of mitosis?
Respuesta
  • Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
  • Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
SPACER - CELL PROLIF 1,2,3 CONTINUE AFTER FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
Respuesta
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Blood plasma
  • Intracellular fluid
  • Intercellular fluid
  • Red blood cells

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
[K+] in interstitial fluid > [K+] in the intracellular fluid
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
Osmolarity takes into the concentration of what two types of solutes?
Respuesta
  • Non-permeable
  • Permeable
  • Ionising
  • Suspending

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
In normal conditions the ICF and ECF tend to be in equilibrium at an osmolarity of around ~289mOsmol/L
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
A 300Mm solution of glucose = A 300Mm solution of NaCl
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
If there is not osmotic balance, how can the cell try to bring back balance?
Respuesta
  • Selective opening and closing of ion channels
  • Opening all the ion channels
  • Pumping water out via active transport pumps

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
Tonicity only considers which type of solute?
Respuesta
  • Non-permeable
  • Permeable
  • Ionising
  • Suspending

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
The osmotic pressure is dependent on the total concentration of all solutes.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
The osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to prevent inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
With osmolarity problems, the permeable solute will move to concentrations of lower permeable solute. With tonicity problems, water will move to the area with the highest concentration of non-permeable solute.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
A small change in the concentration of organic ions creates a small potential difference across the membrane.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
If K+ leaves the cell, the negative charge created in the cell will attract the positive K+ back into the cell and therefore there is typically no net movement of ions.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
Why is Goldmann's equation more useful than Nernst's?
Respuesta
  • Goldmann's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Nernst's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
  • Nernst's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Goldmann's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
Ions with a greater concentration outside of the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
Ions with a greater concentration inside the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
The RMP of a cell is closest to potassium because potassium is the most permeable ion. RMP is determined by the membranes high permeability to potassium.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
Necrosis damages surrounding cells because of hydrolytic enzyme release from what organelle?
Respuesta
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
Apoptosis is...?
Respuesta
  • Controlled cell death
  • Uncontrolled cell death

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
What is happening in the first stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
  • The cell shrivels
  • The nucleus fragments
  • The plasma membrane breaks down
  • Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
  • Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
What is happening in the second stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
  • The cell shrivels
  • The nucleus fragments
  • The plasma membrane breaks down
  • Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
  • Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
What is happening in the third stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
  • The cell shrivels
  • The nucleus fragments
  • The plasma membrane breaks down
  • Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
  • Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
The ECM are basement membrane are needed for development of cells. Without these factors, the cell has a disorganised structure.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
Why do burns victims not have a good prognosis?
Respuesta
  • The basement membrane is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
  • The cytoskeleton is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
  • The granular layer of epidermis is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that are bound to ECM trigger active intracellular responses that impact on cell proliferation / attachments.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
Various cell factors may tell the cell to do which of the following things?
Respuesta
  • Proliferate (Growth factors)
  • Become dormant (Survival factors)
  • Differentiate (Differentiation factors)
  • Undergo apoptosis (Death signal)
  • Necrotise (Necrotic factors)
  • Expand (Expansive factor)

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
Mitogenic growth factors have effect from the start of G1 until which stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
  • S phase
  • G1
  • G2
  • M
  • R point - 3/4 through G1

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
When growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors, what happens intracellularly?
Respuesta
  • Tyr residues are phosphorylated which generates internal effects
  • Tyr residues are dephosphorylated which generates internal effects

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
Phosphorylation of Tyr residues produces intracellular effects
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell death.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
Proteins recognise phosphorylated tyrosine domains. GDP is then substituted for GTP in RAS. Why is the hydrolysis of GTP important?
Respuesta
  • It terminates cell proliferation signals which prevents excessive cell proliferation.
  • GTP hydrolysis occurs in cancer and leads to excessive cell proliferation.

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
Without checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle, such as the role of TGF-b, loss of checkpoints occur and genomic instability and thus cell proliferation occurs.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
Cyclin proteins increase the quantity of Cyclin dependent kinases.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
Growth factors and Integrins result in Cyclin D production which helps to progress the cell through the cell cycle
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
pRb is the guardian of S phase.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
The function of CDK inhibitors such as p21 is to inhibit the cell cycle and prevent excessive cell proliferation (e.g. if damaged DNA is detected).
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
If a CDK inhibitor is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, its inhibitory effect is stopped.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
What are triggers for apoptosis to occur?
Respuesta
  • Breakages in DNA strands
  • Hypoxia
  • Unregulated growth factor signals
  • Hypercapnia
  • Hyperkalaemia

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
Which protein receives information about metabolic disorders and genetic damage within the cell and initiates repair (minor) or apoptosis (major)?
Respuesta
  • P53
  • pRb
  • P21

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
The intrinsic pathway that initiates apoptosis involves what signal that causes release of cytochrome c?
Respuesta
  • MOMP
  • MTAP
  • HAMP
  • IBAT

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
BCL-2 can keep Cytochrome C trapped in the mitochondria; prevent apoptosis.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False
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