Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What are promoter regions of DNA?
Respuesta
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Gene regulatory elements that tell RNA polymerase to perform transcription.
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Gene regulatory elements that tell DNA polymerase to perform transcription.
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Gene regulatory elements that tell RNA polymerase to perform translation.
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Gene regulatory elements that tell DNA polymerase to perform translation.
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Transcription factors bind to regulatory sequences and cause what?
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What does the green question mark represent?
Respuesta
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Nucleosome
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Chromosome
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Telomere
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Promoter region
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The green arrow is pointing to what?
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The nucleosome is made up of what components?
Respuesta
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Histone octamer of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4.
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Core DNA
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Linker DNA
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Histone tetramer of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
SRY is a transcription factor on the Y chromosome. It's absence/mutation leads to...?
Respuesta
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Absence of the male phenotype, leading to production of a female phenotype.
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Absence of the female phenotype, leading to production of the male phenotype.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
The Y gene of the XY male genotype is gene-poor. What are two dosage compensation mechanisms that could help to equal gene expression levels in both males and females.
Respuesta
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Upregulation of transcription of the X male chromosome
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Inactivation of one of the X female chromosomes
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Addition of an extra X chromosome in the male XY genotype
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Epigenetics produces multiple phenotypes from the same genotype.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Diploid cells have a single copy of an allele.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Autosomal conditions are genetic conditions that occur on non-sex chromosomes.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
An X-linked condition will only affect the phenotype of a female if the copies of the allele on each X chromosomes are abnormal.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Achondroplasia (dwarfism) is what type of condition?
Respuesta
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Autosomal dominant
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Autosomal recessive
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Albinism is what type of condition?
Respuesta
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Autosomal recessive
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Autosomal dominant
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
How might a child have achondroplasia despite the parents not having it?
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
How can two parents that have albinism have a child without albinism?
Respuesta
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Albinism is autosomal recessive. This means that any child born to parents who both have albinism should also have albinism as there are no dominant traits in the parents as their genotypes are both homozygous recessive. The reason for the absence of albinism is because the mutated copies in the parents could differ in that the fathers two copies could inhibit a different enzyme in the metabolic pathway that leads to lack of pigment than the mothers. The child will inherit one copy from the father and one copy from the mother and therefore only 50% of each originally fully mutated pathway is inhibited and thus may still be able to produce sufficient melanin.
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Albinism is autosomal dominant. This means that any child born to parents who both have albinism should also have albinism as there are no dominant traits in the parents as their genotypes are both homozygous dominant. The reason for the absence of albinism is because the mutated copies in the parents could differ in that the fathers two copies could inhibit a different enzyme in the metabolic pathway that leads to lack of pigment than the mothers. The child will inherit one copy from the father and one copy from the mother and therefore only 50% of each originally fully mutated pathway is inhibited and thus may still be able to produce sufficient melanin.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Haemophilia results in blood clotting problems due to factor 7 deficiency.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Females are more likely to suffer from haemophilia
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Phenylketonuria is a disorder resulting from the production of phenylketones due to mutation in what enzyme?
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What are some causes of variation?
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes do most humans have?
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Mitosis is important for what?
Respuesta
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Growth
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Repair
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Tumour growth
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Spermatogenesis
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Oogenesis
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What is crossing over?
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
What is independent assortment?
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
When does independent assortment occur?
Respuesta
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First meiotic division
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Second meiotic division
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Chromosomal non-disjunction describes the failure of homologous chromosomes to seperate in the first or second division in meiosis or during mitosis.
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Chromosomal non-disjunction can lead to trisomy of sex chromosomes.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The following picture shows the process of meiosis in males
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
The following picture shows chromosomal non-disjunction of the...
Respuesta
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First division
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Second division
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
The following picture shows chromosomal non-disjunction during female meiosis.
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Meiotic non-disjunction occurs pre-embryonically and therefore all cells are effected.
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Mitotic non-disjunction occurs during embryonic division so there may be a mix of normal and abnormal cells, resulting in an abnormal conceptus.
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
How does trisomy 21 (aka Down's) occur?
Respuesta
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One copy of the mother's C21 translocates to C14. Upon fertilisation, the future child will have inherited two copies from the mother (due to the translocated C21 to C14 as well as the normal C21 copy) and a copy from the father, making 3 copies of C21.
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The mother is a carrier of three C21 copies which leads to the child inheriting two copies of C21 from the mother and one from the father.
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C14 changes into C21 upon fertilisation, therefore two copies are inherited from mother/father and one other copy from the father/mother.
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Mutations are frequently due to...
Respuesta
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Copying errors during DNA replication
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Spontaneous depurination
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Background ionising radiation
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Chromosomal non-disjunction
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Splicing errors
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
A transcriptional mutation commonly affects the promoter region of a gene, therefore promotion to initiate transcription does not occur and thus a protein is not produced.
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
A splice site mutation (deleted/creation of splice site) does not introduce introns into the mature mRNA transcript.
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Common gene mutations are indicated in certain cancers.
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What is the function of the mismatch repair machinery?
Respuesta
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The mismatch repair machinery helps to repair slippaged DNA (insertion/deletions) that escapes proofreading
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The mismatch repair machinery helps to destroy cancer cells
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The mismatch repair machinery helps to repair incorrectly paired DNA strands
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Sickle cell is caused by a substitution of hydrophilic valine for hydrophobic glutamate (GAG -> GTG)
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Cystic fibrosis is caused by deletion of a codon coding for a phenylalanine residue of the CFTR channel protein.
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
PCR are repeated cycles of...?
Respuesta
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Primer, Polymerase, Denaturation.
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Polymerase, Primer, Denaturation.
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Denaturation, Polymerase, Primer.