Endocrine System Practice Essay Questions

Endocrine System Essay Questions

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• Define the word hormone and distinguish a hormone from a neurotransmitter. Why is this an imperfect distinction?
• Name some sources of hormones other than purely endocrine glands.
• Describe some distinctions between endocrine and exocrine glands.
• List some similarities and differences between the endocrine and nervous systems.
• Discuss why the target cell concept is essential for understanding hormone function.

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• 6. What are two good reasons for considering the pituitary to be two separate glands?.
• 7. Briefly contrast hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary with its control of the posterior pituitary.
• 8.Name three anterior lobe hormones that have reproductive functions and three that have nonreproductive roles. What target organs are stimulated by each of these hormones?
• 9. In what sense does the pituitary “take orders” from the target organs under its command?
• 10. How does the liver promote GH function? How does GH affect the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?

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• 11. Identify three endocrine glands that are larger or more functional in infants or children than in adults. What is the term for the shrinkage of a gland with age?
• 12. What is the value of the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormone?
• 13. Name a glucocorticoid, a mineralocorticoid, and a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal gland.
• 14. Does the action of glucocorticoids more closely resemble that of glucagon or insulin? Explain.
• 15. Define hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic hormone and give an example of each.

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• 16. What is the difference between a gonadal hormone and a gonadotropin?
• 17. What are the three chemical classes of hormones? Name at least one hormone in each class.
• 18. Why do corticosteroids and thyroid hormones require transport proteins to travel in the bloodstream?
• 19. Explain how MIT, DIT, T3, and T4 relate to each other structurally.
• 20. Where are hormone receptors located in target cells? Name one hormone that employs each receptor location.

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• 21. Explain how one hormone molecule can activate millions of enzyme molecules.
• 22. Define stress from the standpoint of endocrinology.
• 23. Describe the stages of the general adaptation syndrome.
• 24. List six hormones that show increased secretion in the stress response. Describe how each one contributes to recovery from stress.
• 25. What are eicosanoids and how do they differ from neurotransmitters and hormones?

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• 26. Distinguish between a paracrine and endocrine effect.
• 27. State four functions of prostaglandins.
• 28. Explain some causes of hormone hyposecretion, and give examples. Do the same for hypersecretion.
• 29. In diabetes mellitus, explain the chain of events that leads to (a) osmotic diuresis, (b) ketoacidosis and coma, and (c) gangrene of the lower limbs.