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Creado por tiwariashley
hace casi 9 años
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Pregunta | Respuesta |
kidney | It maintains constancy of ECF volume and of osmolality by balancing intake and excretion of Na+ and water. |
the kidney achieves constancy of extracellular K+ concentration and of blood and cellular | PH by adjusting excretion of H+ and HCO3- . |
kidney is the source for | angiotensin II, erythropoietin, prostaglandins |
Kidney reabsorption | the greater part of this ultrafiltrate is transported across the tubule wall and reenters the blood |
kidney excretion | The fraction that is not reabsorbed remains in the tubules and appears in the terminal urine. |
kidney secretion | : Some urinary solvents enter the nephron lumen from tubule cells by secretion. |
What are the three parts of the kidney | medulla cortex nephron |
nephron consists of | a glomerulus and renal tubule |
glomerulus | glomerular capillary network which emegeres from an afferent arterial |
what it the renal tubule composed of | proximal tubule loop of hence distal tubule collecting ducts |
blood enters kidney through the | renal artery |
renal artery's branches | interloper arcuate cortical radial |
afferent arterioles deliver blood to | glomerular capillaries |
Blood leaves glomerular capillaries via | efferent arterioles |
efferent arterioles deliver blood to the | peritubular capillaries |
the peritubular capillaries surround the | nephrons |
the peritubular capillaries reabsorb | solutes and water |
Blood from the peritubular capillaries flows into small veins and then into the | renal vein |
juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries have a specialization called | the vasa recta |
vassa recta serve as | osmotic exchangers for the production of concentrated urine |
plasma is ____ (fraction) of the ECF | 1/4 |
interstitial fluid is ____ (fraction) of the ECF | 3/4 |
Total body water (TBW) is approximately _______% of body weight | 60 |
The percentage of TBW is highest in | newborns and males |
The percentage of TBW is lowest in | adult females and adults with a large amount of fat |
60-40-20 rule | TBW is 60 ICF is 40 ECF is 20 |
Glomerular filtration | water and dissolved solutes pass from the blood plasma to the inside of Boman's Capsule and the nephron tubules |
glomerular filtration rate (GFR). | volume of this filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute 115 ml per min in woman 125 ml per min in men |
Glomerular ultrafiltrate | fluid that enters the glomerular capsule |
glomerular capillaries are extremely permeable T or F | True |
is filtered, but not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules. | Inulin |
Reabsorption of glucose: Na+-glucose cotransport in the proximal tubule reabsorbs glucose from________ ______ into the blood. There are a limited number of Na+-glucose carriers | tubular fluid |
Reabsorption of glucose: At plasma glucose concentrations less than 250 mg/dl, all of the filtered glucose can be reabsorbed because plenty of carriers are available; in this range, the line for reabsorption is the same as that for __________ | filtration. |
Reabsorption of glucose: increases in plasma concentration above 350 mg/dl do not result in increased rates of reabsorption. The reabsorptive rate at which the carrires are_________ is the transport maximum ™. | saturated |
Excretion of glucose: At plasma concentrations less than 250 mg/dl, all of the filtered glucose is_________ and excretion is________ . Threshold is approximately 250mg/dl | reabsorbed;zero |
Excretion of glucose: At plasma concentrations greater than 350 mg/dl, reabsorption is saturated . the plasma concentration increases, the additional filtered glucose cannot be_________ and is excretes in the urine. | reabsorbed |
Na+ is filtered across the | glomerular capillaries |
the Na+ in the tubular fluid of Bowman’s space equals that | in plasma |
Proximal tubule-reabsorb _________, of the filtered Na+ and H2O, more than any other part of the nephron. | 2/3, or 67% |
Proximal tubuleis the site of | glumerulo-tubular balance. |
The reabsorption of_____ and ______ in the proximal tubule are exactly proportional | Na+ and H2O |
Early proximal tubule absorbs | reabsorbs Na+ and H2O with HCO3-, glucose, amino acids, phosphate, and lactate |
in the Early proximal tubule Na+ is reabsorbed by_______ with glucose | cotransport |
Middle and late proximal tubules | Filtered glucose, amino acids, and HCO3- have already been completely removed from the tubular fluid by reabsorption in the early proximal tubule. |
where is Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed together | middle and late proximal tubules |
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs | reabsorbs 25% of the filtered Na+ |
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the Early distal tubule are impermeable to | water |
NaCl is reabsorbed without water in | Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
since NaCl is reabsorbed without water in the loop of Henle tubular fluid Na+ and tubular fluid osmolarity decrease to less than their concentrations in plasma. this is called | diluting segment. |
Distal tubule and collecting duct together reabsorb__% of the filtered Na+ | 8% |
Early distal tubule reabsorbs NaCl by a | reabsorbs NaCl by a Na+-Cl- cotransporter called the cortical diluting segment. |
the Early distal tubule is also called the | called the cortical diluting segment. |
principal cell reabsorb ____ and ____. | reabsorb Na+ and H2O. |
Principal cells secrete | secrete K+. |
Aldosterone increases | Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ secretion. |
Antidiuretic Hormone increases ______ __________ by directing the in secretion of H2O channels in the luminal membrane. | H2O permeability |
In the absence of ADH, the principal cells are virtually impermeable to ________ | water. |
alpha Intercalated cells-secrete | H+ by a H+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATP ase), |
H+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATP ase) is stimulated by | aldosterone. |
alpha Intercalated cells reabsorb | K+ by a H+, K+-ATPase. |
Most of the body’s K+ is located in the | ICF |
A shift of K+ out of cells causes | hyperkalemia |
A shift of K+ into cells causes | hypokalemia. |
K+ is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by the | nephron. |
K+ balance is achieved when urinary excretion of K+ exactly equals | intake of K+ in the diet. |
Filtration occurs freely across the | glomerular capillaries. |
Proximal tubule-reabsorbs 67% of the filtered | K+ along with Na+ and H2O |
Thick ascending limb of the loop of henle-reabsorbs____%of the filtered K+. | reabsorbs 20% |
Reabsorption involves the___ ___ ___ _________ in the luminal membrane of cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle | Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter |
Secretion of K+ occurs in the | principal cell |
Secretion of K+ depends on factors such as | dietary K+, aldosterone levels, acid-base status, and urine flow rate. |
On a high-K+ diet, intracellular K+ increases so than the driving force for K+ secretion also increases.-On a low-K+ diet, intracellular K+ decreases so that the driving force for K+ secretion decreases. | True |
the alpha-intercalated cells are stimulated to reabsorb K+ by the | H+, K+-ATPase. |
Hyperaldosteronism | increases K+ secretion and causes hypokalemia. |
Hypoaldosteronism | decreases K+ secretion and causes hyperkalemia. |
H+ and K+ exchange for each other across the __________ _____ ___________ | basolateral cell membrane. |
Acidosis________ K+ secretion | decreases |
Alkalosis __________K+ secretion | increases |
The blood contains excess H+; therefore, H+ enters the cell across the basolateral membrane and K+ leaves the cell. As a result, the intracellular K+ concentration and the driving force for K+ secretion decrease. | Acidosis |
Alkalosis | The blood contains too little H+; therefore, H+ leaves the cell across the basolateral membrane and K+ enters the cell. As a result, the intracellular K+ concentration and driving force for K+ secretion increase. |
urea is reabsorbed passively in the | proximal tubule |
ADH increases the urea permeability of the | inner medullary collecting ducts |
50 % of urea is reabsorbed passively in the proximal tubule. What happens to the other 50 | Rest are impermeable. |
Phosphate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by | Na+-phosphate cotransport |
85% of phosphate is reabsorbed | in the proximal tubule |
15% of filtered phosphate is | excreted in urine. |
Parathyroid hormone inhibits | phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule by activating adenylate cyclase, PTH causes phosphaturia and increased urinary cAMP. |
60% of Ca+ is filtered across | the glomerular capillaries. |
the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb reabsorb more than 90% of the filtered | calcium |
the distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb___% of the filtered Ca+ by an active process. | 8% |
what increases Ca+ reabsorption by activating adenylate cyclase in the distal tubule. | PTH |
Magnesium (Mg2+) is reabsorbed in the | proximal tubule, thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and distal tubule. |
hypercalcemia causes an increase in | Mg2+ excretion |
hyperosmotic urine | urine osmolarity> blood osmolarity |
Production of concentrated urine is produced when | circulating ADH levels are high (e.g., water deprivation, hemorrhage, SIADH). |
Corticopapillary osmotic gradient-high ADH | is the gradient of osmolarity from the cortex (300mOsm/L to the papilla (1200mOsm/L), and is composed primarily of NaCl and urea. |
Two-thirds of the filtered H2O is reabsorbed isosmotically (with Na+, Cl-, HCO3-. Glucose, AAs, ) in the | proximal tubule. |
. Collecting ducts have high | ADH |
Glomerulonephritis | disorder of glomeruli. It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine. |
causes of Glomerulonephritis | Primary, affecting only the kidneys, Secondary, caused by a vast array of disorders that affect other parts of the body. |
Causes:Acute Glomerulonephritis | a complication of throat or skin infection by streptococcus -staphylococcus and pneumococcus, -viral infections, such as chickenpox, -parasitic infections, such as malaria.-Noninfectious causes of acute glomerulonephritis include: -membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, -immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, -systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) |
Causes Chronic Glomerulonephritis: | hereditary nephritis, an inherited genetic disorder. In many people, the cause of chronic glomerulonephritis cannot be identified. |
Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis: | Edema: Puffiness of the face Eyelids but later is prominent in the legs. -Blood pressure -headaches -visual disturbances-coma -nausea -general feeling of illness (malaise)-weakness, fatigue-fever -Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting -abdominal pain-joint pain |
Treatment for Glomerulonephritis: | diet that is low in protein and sodium Diuretics may be prescribed to help the kidneys excrete excess sodium and water. High blood pressure needs to be treated. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). antibiotics ( bacterial infection) |
Pyelonephritis | bacterial infection (90% is by Escherichia Coli) of one or both kidneys. |
symptoms of Pyelonephritis | Chills, fever, back pain, nausea, and vomiting can occur.Urine and sometimes blood tests are done to diagnose pyelonephritis. |
treatment of Pyelonephritis | Antibiotics are given to treat the infection |
causes for Stones in the Urinary Tract | urine becomes too saturated with salts that can form stones or because the urine lacks the normal inhibitors of stone formation. Citrate is such an inhibitor. |
what is the inhibitor of stones in the urinary tract | citrate |
About 80% of the stones are composed of | calcium, and the remainder are composed of various substances, including uric acid, cystine. |
Stones are more common in people with | hyperparathyroidism |
Treatment Stones in the Urinary Tract | Drinking plenty of fluids drugs to help pass -Potassium citrate Calcium channel blockers (such as Verapamil) |
The pain of renal colic may be relieved with | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids. |
Two types of acid are produced in the body: | Volatile acid Nonvolatile acids |
Nonvolatile acids | are also called fixed acids |
Nonvolatile acids | sulfuric acid H2SO4 (a product of protein catabolism) and phosphoric acid (a product of phospholipid catabolism)-are normally produced at a rate of 40-60mmoles/day. |
Volatile acid is CO2 and is produced from | aerobic metabolism of cells. |
Buffers | prevent a change in pH when H+ ions are added to or removed from a solution.-are most effective within 1.0 pH unit of the pK of the buffer. |
The major extracellular buffer is | HCO3 |
the HCO3 buffer is produced from | CO2 and H2O. |
Phosphate is most important as a | urinary buffer; |
. Intracellular buffers | Organic phosphates Proteins Hemoglobin |
, deoxyhemoglobin is a better buffer than oxyhemoglobin | True |
Reabsorption of filtered HCO3--occurs primarily in the | proximal tubule. |
. H+ and HCO3 are produced in ________ ______ _____ from CO2 and H2O | proximal tubule cells |
Metabolic acidosis | Overproduction or ingestion of fixed acid or loss of base produces an increase In arterial (H+) (acidemia). |
Acidemia causes | hyperventilation |
hyperventilation is the respiratory compensation for | metabolic acidosis. |
. Renal correction of metabolic acidosis consists of increased excretion | excess fixed H+ as titratable acid and NH4+, and increased reabsorption of new HCO3-, which replenishes the HCO3- used in buffering the added fixed H+. |
Metabolic alkalosis | . Loss of fixed H+ or gain of base produces a decrease in arterial H+ (alkalemia) results in an increase in arterial HCO3- |
Alkalemia causes | hypoventilation |
hypoventilation | which is the respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis. |
Renal correction of metabolic alkalosis consists of increased excretion | of HCO3- because the filtered load of HCO3- exceeds the ability of the renal tubule to reabsorb it. |
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