Motor Functions Flashcards

Pregunta	Respuesta
Motor system	Functions to move the body.
Neocortex	Consists of the posterior cortex, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex and primary motor cortex.
Posterior cortex	Specify movement goals and send information to the prefrontal cortex
Prefrontal cortex	Generates plans for movement
Premotor cortex	Recognizes movement of others and selects similar or different actions
Primary motor cortex	Executes movements.
Wilder Penfield	Produced movement in different areas of the body by stimulating the precentral gyrus, As many as 10 homunculi in the motor and premotor cortices
Mirror neurons	Neurons that fire when we see others make a movement, can be used for imitating others’ actions, can “fill in the blanks” when part of a movement is absent
Brainstem	Controls movements for eating, sexual behaviour standing upright, coordinated limb movements for swimming and walking.
Basal ganglia	Input from the cortex, including the motor cortex, and limbic cortex, and the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. Output to the motor cortex and substantia nigra
Huntington's chorea	Destroys cells in the caudate putamen, results in involuntary and exaggerated movements. Disorder of the basal ganglia.
Tourette's syndrome	Related to damage to the caudate putamen, results in unwanted tics and vocalizations. Disorder of the basal ganglia.
Hyperkinetic symptoms	Involuntary movements.
Parkinson's disease	Loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra and their input to the basal ganglia, results in muscular rigidity and difficulty initiating and performing movements. Disorder of the basal ganglia.
Hypokinetic symptoms	Difficulty making movements.
Pathways of basal ganglia	Excitatory and inhibitory pathways that project to the internal part of the globus pallidus (GPi)
Globus pallidus (GPi)	Projects to the thalamus, and the thalamus projects to the cortex, influences the thalamic projection
Globus pallidus and inhibition	If GPi is inhibited the thalamus will excite the cortex. If GPi is excited it will inhibit the thalamus
Parkinson's disease and the globus pallidus	Excessive activity of GPi, creating decreased movement. Destruction or stimulation of GPi is a treatment for Parkinson’s disease
Cerebellum	Participates in acquiring and maintaining motor skills. Contains about half of all the neurons in the entire nervous system.
Flocculus	A small lobe, projects from the ventral surface of the cerebellum. Takes part in balance.
Damage to the cerebellum	A loss of timing in movement and perception and problems with movement accuracy
Thatch and colleagues	Examination of movement accuracy and motor learning
Corticobulbar tract	Major projection from the cortex to the brainstem, controls facial muscles, and takes part in controlling facial movements
Corticospinal tract	Also pyramidal tract, major projection from the cortex to the spinal cord, controls movement of the limbs and body
Corticospinal tract pathways	95% of the fibers descending from each hemisphere decussate in the brainstem, producing the lateral and the ventral corticospinal tract

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