439245
Description
Flashcards by andreaarose, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by andreaarose
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The mind-body problem | Dualists and monists |
| Schizophrenia | Delusions, disorganized speech, behaviour and blunted emotions |
| Structural abnormalities in schizophrenic brains | Lighter, enlarged ventricles, reduced number of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and abnormal structure in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. |
| Biochemical abnormalities in schizophrenia | Dopamine, glutamate and GABA |
| Acute schizophrenia | Type I - positive symptoms, responsive to neuroleptics. |
| Chronic schizophrenia | Type II - negative symptoms. |
| Schizophrenia and development | Develops during late adolescence and is a combination of genes and environment. |
| Assessment and schizophrenia | Poor performance on long term verbal/non verbal memory and poor frontal lobe functioning. |
| Clinical depression | Feelings of worthlessness, behavioural slowing. |
| Mania | Excessive euphoria, hyperactivity. |
| Bipolar disorder | Periods of depression and mania. |
| Neurochemical aspects of depression | Reduction of monoamines, brain derived neurotrophic factors, oversecretion of cortisol |
| Fluoxetine | Stimulates BDNF and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. |
| Brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) | Down regulated by stress and affects functioning of monoamine synapses. |
| Hypothalamic-adrenal system (HPA axis) | Oversecretion of cortisol creates chronic stress. |
| Decreased activity in dorsolateral and medial prefrontal regions | Occurs in depression, causes reduced memory and attention. |
| Increased activity in orbital regions | Occurs in depression. Inhibits amygdala activity and breaks persistent negative thoughts. |
| Increased activity in amygdala | Occurs in depression and increases HPA axis activity. |
| Increased activity in medial thalamus | Occurs in depression |
| Sleep cycle | Occurs in depression, altered due to lowered serotonin levels. |
| Thyroid hormone | Occurs in depression, decrease in production may influence mood. |
| Neurobiological aspects of bipolar disorder | Decrease in grey matter in the temporal lobe and cerebellum. |
| Sensitization model | Bipolar patients are sensitive to stress and drugs. There is a link between psychomotor stimulants and mania. |
| Kaplan and colleagues | Mood symptoms are related to errors in metabolism and gene expression and long latency effects of nutritional abnormalities. |
| Psychiatric symptoms of cerebral vascular disease | Post stroke patients experience depression, generalized anxiety disorder, catastrophic reaction and pathological affect |
| Psychosurgery | Destruction of a region of the brain to alleviate psychiatric symptoms. |
| Neurosurgery | Brain surgery intended to repair damage to alleviate symptoms. |
| Egas Moniz | Prefrontal lobotomy |
| Modern psychosurgery | On smaller lesions, rarely performed and does not replace abnormal activity with normal activity. |
| Hyperkinetic | Increase motor activity |
| Hypokinetic | Loss of movement |
| Huntington's chorea | Intellectual deterioration and abnormal movements. There is reduction of activity and a restriction of interest. |
| Movements in Huntington's chorea | Entail whole limbs, irregular. |
| Behavioural symptoms of Huntington's chorea | Personality changes, bipolar and schizophrenic like psychoses. |
| Brain abnormalities in Huntington's chorea | Shrinkage of the cortex, atrophy of the basal ganglia, imbalance in GABA and ACh, poor performance on memory and frontal lobe tests. |
| Stages of Tourette's syndrome | Multiple tics, inarticulate cries are added then articulate words (echolalia/coprolalia) |
| Echolalia | Repeating what others say |
| Coprolalia | Obscene or lewd speech. |
| Tourette's syndrome | Age of onset is 2-15, not associated with neuroses, psychoses or other disorders. Abnormalities in cognitive functions - RH. |
| Subcortical origin of Tourette's syndrome | Small cells in the basal ganglia |
| Treatment of Tourette's syndrome | Antidopaminergic drugs, norepinephrine receptor agonists. |
| Parkinson's disease | Degeneration of the substantia nigra and loss of dopamine. |
| Symptoms of Parkinson's disease | Rigidity, tremor, akinesia, postural disturbances. |
| Akinesia | Loss of voluntary activity. |
| Positive symptoms of Parkinson's disease | Resting tremor, muscular rigidity (cogwheel) and involuntary movements. |
| Akathesia | Cruel restlessness, positive symptom of Parkinson's. |
| Oculogyric crisis | Involuntary turns of the head and eyes to the side, positive symptom of Parkinson's. |
| Negative symptoms of Parkinson's disease | Disorders of posture (fixation, equilibrium), righting, locomotion (festination) and speech. |
| Festination | Involuntary quickening of gait. |
| Progression of Parkinsonism | Begins with tremors in the hand, face becomes mask like. Progresses over 10-20 years, on again off again. |
| Idiopathic causes of Parkinson's | Familial or viral origin. |
| Postencephalitic causes of Parkinson's | Occurs after encephalitis. |
| Drug induced causes of Parkinson's | Heroin, major tranquilizers or environmental toxins. |
| Cause of Parkinson's | Depletion of dopamine. |
| Treatment of Parkinson's disease | Physical and pharmacological therapy, stem cell research and deep brain stimulation (DBS) |
| Pharmacological therapy in Parkinson's | Increases dopamine function and blocks cholinergic system. |
| Cognitive functions of Parkinson's disease | Behavioural slowing, symptoms similar to frontal/basal ganglia lesions. Also impaired on the WAIS |
| WAIS | Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale |
| Dementia | Memory and other cognitive deficits, impairment in social and occupational functioning. |
| Degenerative dementias | Intrinsic to the nervous system, affects CNS selectively. |
| Nondegenerative dementias | Diverse etiologies |
| Alzheimer's disease | Most prevalent form of dementia |
| Neuritic plaques | Found in the cortex during Alzheimer's cognitive decline. Amyloid surrounded by degenerative cellular fragments. |
| Paired helical filaments | Found in the cortex and hippocampus during Alzheimer's. |
| Neocortical changes in Alzheimer's | Shrinkage of the cortex that is not uniform. |
| Paralimbic cortex changes in Alzheimer's | Degeneration of the limbic system and entorhinal cortex |
| Cell changes in Alzheimer's disease | Shrinking of neurons and loss of dendritic aborzations. |
| Neurotransmitter changes in Alzheimer's | Reduction in two or more transmitter systems - ACh, noradrenaline, DA, 5HT and glutamate receptors. |
| Putative causes of Alzheimer's disease | Genetics, trace metals, immune reactions, blood flow and abnormal proteins. |
| Trace metals and Alzheimer's | Increased concentration of aluminum |
| Immune reactions and Alzheimer's | Antibrain antibodies that cause neuronal degeneration. |
| Blood flow and Alzheimer's | Decrease in blood flow to the brain. |
| Abnormal proteins and Alzheimer's | Increase production of abnormal proteins that accumulate in the brain. |
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