Motor Control Theories

1. theory provides support for instruction and teaching

1. Open

   Nota:

   • a control system in which all the info needed to initiate and carry out an action as planned is contained in the initial settings.
   • central nervous system is example. control center is brain.
   1. rocket
   2. soccer kick
   3. football pass
2. Closed

   Nota:

   • a control system in which during the course of an action feedback is compared against a standard or reference to enable an action to be carried out as planned
   • peripheral nervous system is example...effectors/limbs
   1. thermastat
   2. riding a bicycle

1. Info Processing/ Motor Program-Based

   Nota:

   • compute metaphor- receives & processes info
   • memory representation that stores info needed to perform an action
   • actions are hard-wired
2. Dynamic Systems Theory

   Nota:

   • Control of coordinated movement that emphasizes the role of info in the environment and the dynamic properties of the body and the limbs
   • movement patterns emerge as a function of individual, task, and environment

1. Invariant features
   1. sequence of actions
   2. relative timing
   3. relative force
2. Parameters
   1. muscle selection
   2. overall duration
   3. overall force
3. Schema
   1. rule that governs movement

1. Multi-discipline approach

   Nota:

   • physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics
2. Motor Control

   Nota:

   • information in the environment
   • dynamic properties of the body
3. Non-linear changes

   Nota:

   • e.g. water boiling

Nota:

• ability to change states or acquire a new structure/ pattern by itself

1. stability

   Nota:

   • behavioral steady set of a system
2. attractors

   Nota:

   • preferred behavioral states

1. Order parameter

   Nota:

   • defines the overall behavior
2. Control parameter

   Nota:

   • variables that change freely according to an action
3. Rate limiters

   Nota:

   • control parameters limits or hinders performance

Nota:

• collectives of muscles and joints that produce an action
• intrinsic structures (walking)
• developed through practice/ experience

1. attractor

   Nota:

   • stable states
   • example: bench pressing with good form
2. control parameters

   Nota:

   • the cause of the change
   • example: increasing weight
3. rate limiters

   Nota:

   • the cause of the negative change
   • increasing weight beyond capability
4. phase shifts

   Nota:

   • the change
   • example: too much weight can lead to change in correct form

1. Individual-environment system

   Nota:

   • allows energy to pass through it
2. energy flow

   Nota:

   • forms of energy- light, sound, electrical

Nota:

• perception of information by what it offers, invites, or demands of an organism in terms of action
• step-on ability, step across ability, sit-on ability, reaching ability, pass-under, stand on ability of a slope