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INTRO TO PATHOLOGY 2
- Feeling ill:symptoms each with pathological basis
- General Symptoms: fever nausea,pain
- Specific Symptoms:swelling,rash,shortness of breath
- Specific Symptoms:swelling,rash,shortness of breath
- General Symptoms: fever nausea,pain
- PATHOGNOMIC ABNORMALITIES
- Restricted to a single disease
- Extremely useful in diagnosis - presence leaves no doubt
- Disease characterised by a number of abnormalities - SYNDROMES
- Disease characterised by a number of abnormalities - SYNDROMES
- Extremely useful in diagnosis - presence leaves no doubt
- Restricted to a single disease
- COMPLICATIONS/SEQUALE
- prolonged, distant or secondary consequence
- eg paralysis is a sequale of poliomyelitits
- eg paralysis is a sequale of poliomyelitits
- prolonged, distant or secondary consequence
- PROGNOSIS
- The known or likely course of the disease - fate of the patient
- subject to medical or surgical intervention
- Natural course prognosis
- Therapeutic course prognosis
- Therapeutic course prognosis
- Natural course prognosis
- subject to medical or surgical intervention
- The known or likely course of the disease - fate of the patient
- REMISSION/RELAPSE
- Remission: active disease to quiescence
- Signs and symptoms may re-appear
- This is the process of RELAPSE
- This is the process of RELAPSE
- Signs and symptoms may re-appear
- Remission: active disease to quiescence
- CELL TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
- INFLAMMATION, REPAIR, AND NEOPLASIA are the tissue response to injury
- most disease reflect one of these three processes
- Involving cytokines,enzymes
- Involving cytokines,enzymes
- most disease reflect one of these three processes
- INFLAMMATION, REPAIR, AND NEOPLASIA are the tissue response to injury
- CELLUAR PROCESSES
- MORPHOGENISIS:biological process in which an organism develops its shape
- CELL DIFFERENTIATION:cells become specialised in function
- CELL GROWTH
- CELL GROWTH
- CELL DIFFERENTIATION:cells become specialised in function
- MORPHOGENISIS:biological process in which an organism develops its shape
- CELL TURNOVER
- Growth is dependent on a balance of cell proliferation and death
- Regeneration: replacement of injured cells
- cells are LABILE, STABLE OR PERMENANT
- Cell turnover is regulated by inhibitors/inducers or Apoptosis
- Cell turnover is regulated by inhibitors/inducers or Apoptosis
- cells are LABILE, STABLE OR PERMENANT
- Regeneration: replacement of injured cells
- Growth is dependent on a balance of cell proliferation and death
- LABILE:proliferate normally, associated with normal turnover of cells
- STABLE:replicate at low levels, can be rapid at times of need ie fibroblasts
- PERMANENT:do not replicate ie nerve cells cardiac muscle
- PERMANENT:do not replicate ie nerve cells cardiac muscle
- STABLE:replicate at low levels, can be rapid at times of need ie fibroblasts
- APOPTOSIS
- Programmed cell death
- Inherent in every cell
- Inherent in every cell
- Differs from Necrosis:cell death reults from acute cellular injury
- EXTRINSIC INDUCERS:hormones, growth factors,cytokine
- INTRINSIC:heat, radiation, nutrient depr, viral, hypoxia
- INTRINSIC:heat, radiation, nutrient depr, viral, hypoxia
- EXTRINSIC INDUCERS:hormones, growth factors,cytokine
- Programmed cell death
- FREE RADICALS:unpaired electron from smoking, destabilizes cells
- ANTIOXIDANT:natural substance that prevent damage to cells
- Cell turnover Inducers: activate cell shrinkage and death
- allows clearance with damage to other tissues
- allows clearance with damage to other tissues
- CELL INJURY:chemical,physical, bio agents
- FATTY OR HYDROPHIC CHANGES
- Accumulation of lipids: alcoholism, diabetes
- Accumulation of lipids: alcoholism, diabetes
- AMYLOIDOSIS:insoluable protiens depositedon tissues impairing functions
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