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Flashcards by Gabriela O'Neill, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the purpose of Mitochondria? | To release energy through Respiration |
| What is the purpose of Ribosomes? | Protein synthesis takes place in the Ribosomes |
| What is the cell wall in plants made of? | Cellulose |
| Chloroplasts are the site of ________________. | Photosynthesis |
| What is the stored in a Plant's Vacuole? | Cell Sap |
| What kind of cell are bacterium? | Prokaryotic Cells |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The Genetic info in Bacteria is held in the Nucleus | FALSE The genetic information is free floating and not encased in a nucleus |
| What is a Plasmid? | A small circular strand of DNA in a Bacterial cell |
| How do Bacterial cells move? | Flagella/Flagellum - Whip like structures, which extend outside bacterial cell. |
| What is Mitosis used for? | Growth Repair Asexual Reproduction |
| How many chromosomes do we have in a body cell? | 46 (23 pairs) |
| What are Genes? | Genes are sections of the chromosomes that code for a particular characteristic by providing a code for a combination of amino acids that make up a specific protein. |
| What are Gametes? | Sex cells They contain half the genetic information that every other cell contains. |
| What happens in Mitosis? | The cells replicates its chromosomes and its organelles. Then the cell splits, leaving two identical DAUGHTER cells. |
| What does Meiosis produce? | 4 haploid non-identical gametes |
| What is so special about Stem Cells? | Stem Cells are undifferentiated and so have the ability to become a different type of cell. |
| What is the word equation for Aerobic Respiration? | Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water [+ Energy] |
| What is the word equation for Anaerobic Respiration? | Glucose --> Lactic Acid [+ Energy] |
| What is the energy produced by Respiration used for? | Energy from respiration is used in reactions that produce different molecules. To build larger molecules from smaller ones, this process is called Anabolism. |
| Fill in the missing gaps: Anabolism in Plants leads to the formation of ________. This is a storage _______________, made up of __________ sub-units. | Starch Carbohydrate Glucose |
| What is the Human equivalent of Starch? | Glycogen |
| In plants, what do Anabolic Reactions convert nitrates, sugars and other nutrients into? | Amino Acids The Amino Acids are then joined in specific sequences to make proteins |
| Where is Glycogen stored? | In the Liver and Muscle Cells |
| What is the energy molecule used by cells called? | ATP |
| How many ATP Molecules are produced per Glucose molecule in Aerobic Respiration, compared to in Anaerobic Respiration? | Aerobic Respiration- 38 ATP Molecules per Glucose Molecule Anaerobic Respiration- 2 ATP Molecules per Glucose Molecule |
| What happens when Lactic Acid Builds up in Muscles? | It causes Muscle Fatigue and Cramp |
| The Oxygen needed to oxidize the Lactic Acid formed after anaerobic respiration into Carbon Dioxide and Water is called what? | The Oxygen Debt |
| What are the products of Anaerobic Respiration in Plants and Microorganisms like yeast? | Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide |
| What are different forms/variations of a gene called? | Alleles |
| What are the two types of allele? | Dominant and Recessive |
| What is it called, when a characteristic is controlled by just one pair of alleles? | Monohybrid inheritance |
| DEFINE: Genotype | The combination of alleles that an individual has for a particular gene. |
| DEFINE: Homozygous | An individual who carries two copies of the SAME allele for a particular gene. e.g. BB or bb |
| DEFINE: Heterozygous | An individual who carries two DIFFERENT alleles for a particular gene. e.g. Bb |
| DEFINE: Phenotype | The expression of the genotype (the characteristic shown). e.g. The HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE GENOTYPE of 'bb' would have a PHENOTYPE of blue eyes. |
| Who was Gregor Mendel? | The father of modern genetics, he proposed the idea of separately inherited factors. |
| Why are fossils so rare? | 1. Many early forms of life were soft-bodied and did not leave traces behind. 2. Fossils have been destroyed by geological activity (weathering and erosion). |
| Name 4 reasons why a new species might arise. (3 of these reasons are Higher-tier) | 1. A result of isolation 2. Genetic Variation 3. Natural Selection 4. Speciation - The populations become so different that successful interbreeding is no longer possible |
| During fertilisation, the female and male gametes fuse to produce a _______. | Zygote |
| Which combination of chromosomes determine that someone is: A Man? A Woman? | Man - XY Woman - XX |
| Amylase: Where is it produced? What does it digest? What does it produce? | Produced in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine. Digests starch. Produces sugars in the mouth and small intestine. |
| Protease: Where is it produced? What does it digest? What does it produce? | It is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine. Digests proteins. Produces amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. |
| Lipase: Where is it produced? What does it digest? What does it produce? | It is produced in the pancreas and small intestine. Digests lipids (fats and oils). Produces fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. |
| Where is Bile produced? | In the Liver |
| Where is Bile stored? | In your Gall Bladder |
| Where is Bile released into? | Into the Small Intestine |
| What does Bile do? | Bile neutralises the acid that is added to food in your stomach. |
| Which two types of enzyme are found in biological detergents? | Protease Lipase |
| Give two methods of sampling the distribution of daisies in a field. | Random Sampling with Quadrats Sampling Along a Transect |
| List three factors that may affect the rate of photosynthesis... | Temperature CO2 Concentration Light Intensity |
| What is the word equation for Photosynthesis? | Carbon Dioxide + Water --> Glucose + Oxygen |
| Name 5 or more different types of cell. | Root Hair Cells Ovum (egg cell) + Sperm cells Xylem White Blood Cells Palisade cells Red Blood cells Nerve Cells |
| What is the spreading of the particles of a gas or a substance in solution known as? | Diffusion |
| What is a tissue? | A group of cells that have a similar structure and function. |
| What is an Organ? | Organs are made of tissues. One organ may contain several tissues. |
| _________ cell --> _________ tissue --> Leaf (organ) -> Plant (organism) | Pallisade |
| Give some examples of Plant Tissues: | - epidermal tissues, that cover the plant. - mesophyll, where photosynthesis takes place. - xylem and phloem that transport substances around the plant. |
| Fill in the missing words: The stomach also produces ___________________ in which stomach enzymes work best. | Hydrochloric acid |
| The glucose produced by plants in photosynthesis may be changed into... (And stored where?) | Insoluble starch, and stored in the stem leaves or roots. |
| What do plants need, in addition to glucose, to make proteins? | Nitrate ions, which are absorbed from the soil. |
| Describe root-hair cells... | Tiny hair-like entensions that increase surface area of the cell for absorption. |
| Describe an ovum (egg cell)... | Large cell that can carry food reserves for the developing embryo. |
| Describe a Xylem cell... | Long, thin, hollow cell used to transport water through the stem and root. |
| Describe a white blood cell... | Can change shape in order to engulf and destroy invading microorganisms. |
| Describe a sperm cell... | Has a tail, which allows it to move. |
| Describe a palisade cell... | Packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis. |
| Describe a white blood cell... | No nucleus, so packed full of haemoglobin to absorb oxygen. |
| Describe a nerve cell... | Long slender axons that can carry nerve impulses. |
| What are protein molecules made from? | Long chains of amino acids. |
| What do proteins act as? | - Structural components of tissues such as muscles. - Hormones. - Anitbodies. - Catalysts |
| What are enzymes? | Biological catalysts made from proteins, they increase the rate of chemical reactions. |
| How do digestive enzymes work? | 1- They pass out of the cells into the digestive system. 2- They come into contact with food molecules. 3- They catalyse the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules. |
| Give some examples + uses of enzymes in industry... | - Protease, to 'pre-digest' protein in some baby foods. - Carbohydrases, to convert starch into sugar syrup. - Isomerase, to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is sweeter. |
| What is the energy released during respiration used for? | - To build larger molecules from smaller ones. - To allow muscles to contract (in animals). - To maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings. - To build up amino acids from sugars, nitrates and other nutrients, which then combine to form proteins. |
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