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| Question | Answer |
| What is crude oil? | Crude oil is a mixture of many different compounds. These all boil at different temperatures, and burn under different conditions, so crude oil needs to be separated to make useful fuel. |
| What compounds are in crude oil? | Most of the compounds are hydrocarbons. This means that the molecules only contain hydrogen and carbon. Many on these are alkanes, which have the formula CnHn+2. |
| What are saturated hydrocarbons? | They are hydrocarbons that use all available bonds, meaning that there is no where for any other atoms to join, and there are no double bonds. |
| Draw Butane. | This is a diagram of the alkane structure. This is Butane. |
| Draw Methane | |
| Draw Ethane | |
| Draw Propane | |
| What is the formula for a Alkane? | |
| What is fractional distillation? | Fractional Distillation is how crude oil is separated into it's separate components. |
| What are the stages to Fractional Distillation? | The oil is vaporised before it enters the column. The heaviest oilsl (residue) sinks immediately to the bottom of the chamber, as the rest floats upwards. The heavier oil slowly condenses on different layers, leaving you with sorted oil. |
| What is residue made from? | Residue is made from long chain hydrocarbons. It's very thick and sticky, used for making roads and flat roofs. |
| How does the fractional distillation column prevent the oil from going back to the bottom of the column again? | Inside the column there are many trays with holes that allow the gas through. These holes are covered by a cap |
| What hydrocarbons are at the top of the cooling column? | The smallest chains, such as Ethane and Methane. |
| What is the temperature at the bottom of the fractional distillation column? | Around 350' centigrade |
| What is the temperature at the top of the fractional distillation column? | Roughly 50' centigrade |
| What are the short-chain polymers useful for? | They have a low viscosity and are flammable, so they are used as fuels. They also burn with a clean flame. |
| What happens when pure hydrocarbons are burned completely? | They are oxidised to give off Carbon Dioxide and Water. However the fuels we use aren't often completely pure, meaning that they may contain other substances. |
| What is produced in incomplete combustion? | Carbon Monoxide/Carbon may be produced. This would mean some of the hydrocarbons may not burn. This produces solid particles that contain soot and un-burnt hydrocarbons called particulates |
| Many fossil fuels contain Sulphur compounds. What is produced when these burn? | They produce Sulphur Dioxide, which causes acid rain. |
| What can happen at high temperatures when fuels burn? | Oxygen and Nitrogen can combine in the air to produce nitrogen oxide, which produces acid rain. |
| What is Carbon Dioxide? | Carbon Dioxide is a greenhouse gas that many scientists believe is the cause of Global Warming. |
| Incomplete combustion produces what? | The poisonous gas Carbon Monoxide, and can also produce tiny solid particles called particulates that reflect sunlight and cause global dimming. |
| How is acid rain produced? | Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide dissolve into water droplets and react with the oxygen in the air to produce acid rain. |
| What is fitted onto the exhaust system of a car to remove the harmful substances from the waste gases? | A catalytic converter is fitted onto the car to remove Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides. These filters can also remove particulates. |
| When is the Sulphur removed from the fuels? | Before the fuel is pumped into the car, so as to produce less Sulphur Dioxide when the fuel is burnt. |
| What are Biofuels made from? | Biofuels are made from plant or animal products and they are renewable. Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils extracted from plants. |
| Advantages to using biodiesel. | Makes little contribution to Carbon Dioxide levels because the Carbon Dioxide given off was the Carbon Dioxide taken in when the plant was growing in the first place. |
| Disadvantages to using Biodiesel. | Plants grown for Biodiesel take up a lot of land, meaning that there is less space available for food to be grown. |
| What are Sugar Cane and Sugar Beet used for? | Making Biofuels, such as Ethanol. This is a liquid, and can be stored and distributed the same as other fuels. |
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