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| Question | Answer |
| What is a hydrocarbon? | A compound containing carbon and hydrogen ONLY. |
| What is it meant by saturated | A compound containing only single C-C bonds. |
| What is it meant by unsaturated? | A compound containing multiple bonds; can accept more hydrogen. |
| Define catenation | Carbon's unique ability to make long chains of C atoms. |
| Isomers | Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures. |
| Empirical formula | The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in the compounds. |
| Molecular formula | The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. |
| List the 7 functional groups. | 1) Alkanes 2) Alkenes 3) Alcohols 4) Aldehydes 5) Carboxylic acids 6) Ketones 7) Halogenoalkanes |
| Define homologous series | A Family of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2. Their chemical properties are similar but their physical properties show gradations. |
| Name the first ten prefixes | Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex, Hept, Oct, Non, Dec. |
| General Formula | The simplest algebraic formula of a member of the homologous series, e.g. GF of alkanes--> |
| Structural formula | Minimal detail showing the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, e.g. butane--> |
| Displayed formula | This shows the relative positioning of atoms and bonds between them, e.g. Chloroethane--> |
| Skeletal formula | The simplified organic formula by removing the H atoms from the C chains, leaving just a C skeleton and associated functional groups. |
| What are aliphatic compounds? | Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight or branched chains. |
| What are alicyclic compounds? | Aliphatic compounds arranged in non-aromatic rings, with or without side-chains. |
| What are aromatic compounds? | Compounds containing benezene rings. |
| How to name organic compounds. | 1) Look for the longest continuous carbon chain. 2) Number the carbons. 3) If there are any attached atoms, note which carbon it is on. 4) The functional group usually goes on at the end, but alcohols. |
| What are the two types of isomerism? | Structural and stereoisomerism. |
| Types of structural isomerism | Chain- changing the structure of the carbon chain. Position- changing the position of the additional atoms or functional group. Functional- changing the functional group. |
| Define a covalent bond | A shared pair of electrons between two atoms. |
| Homolytic fission | Where the covalent bond breaks equally so each product received one shared pair of electrons to form radicals. |
| What is a free radical? | A species with an unpaired electron. They are highly reactive and the unpaired electron is shown as a dot. |
| Heterolytic fission | Where the covalent bond breaks unequally, so one product gets both electrons while the other gets nothing, producing ions. |
| What does a curly arrow show in chemical mechanisms? | They show the movement of a pair of electrons. The tail starts from the lone pair of electrons or a negative charge or a bond containing a shared pair. |
| What is a nucleophile? | An electron pair donor. |
| What is an electrophile? | An electron pair acceptor. |
| What is reflux? | A process of continuous evaporation and condensation; this allows the reactants to react without evaporating away as they are volatile. |
| What is distillation? | A way of spreading products from the reagents left over; it works because the product you want has a different boiling point to the reagents. |
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