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Anemia

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Mind Map on Anemia, created by mariam alm on 30/03/2018.
mariam alm
Mind Map by mariam alm, updated more than 1 year ago
mariam alm
Created by mariam alm over 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Anemia
  1. Definition
    1. A reduction in the total circulating erythrocyte mass
    2. Classification
      1. On the basis of cause
        1. blood loss
          1. Inadequate production of normal blood cells
            1. Excessive destruction of blood cells
            2. On the basis of morphology
              1. Normocytic
                1. Microcytic
                  1. Macrocytic
                2. Blood cells
                  1. Types
                    1. Red blood cells - Erythrocytes
                      1. Structure
                        1. Anucleated
                          1. Biconcave
                          2. Function
                            1. Gas exchange
                            2. Erythropoiesis
                            3. White blood cells
                              1. Platelets
                            4. Types
                              1. Aplastic anemia
                                1. Disorder of hemopoietic stem cells
                                  1. Results in pancytopenia
                                    1. Inherited
                                    2. Anemia with chronic renal failure
                                      1. Normocytic normochromic anemia
                                        1. Normal bone marrow
                                        2. Megaloplastic anemia
                                          1. Impaired DNA synthesis
                                            1. Causes
                                              1. Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)
                                                1. Folic acid
                                            2. Pernicious anemia
                                              1. Causes
                                                1. Vitamin B12 deficiency
                                                  1. Poor diet
                                                    1. Low absorption
                                                      1. Gastrocectomy
                                                        1. Defective intestinal absorption
                                                          1. Neoplasm in ileum
                                                      2. Folic acid deficiency
                                                        1. Causes
                                                          1. inadequate dietary intake
                                                            1. Pregnancy
                                                              1. Alcoholics
                                                            2. Iron deficiency anemia
                                                              1. Causes
                                                                1. Decreased iron intake
                                                                  1. Excessive loss
                                                                    1. Menstrual bleeding
                                                                    2. Increased iron demand
                                                                    3. Management
                                                                      1. Iron supplements
                                                                        1. Ferrous sulfate
                                                                          1. Absorption
                                                                            1. Duodenum
                                                                              1. Upper jejunum
                                                                              2. Excretion
                                                                                1. Urine
                                                                                  1. Sweat
                                                                                    1. Sloughing of intestinal mucosa
                                                                                      1. Menses in women
                                                                                    2. Ferrous gluconate
                                                                                      1. Adverse reactions
                                                                                        1. Diarrhea
                                                                                          1. Constipation
                                                                                            1. Vomiting
                                                                                              1. Nausea
                                                                                                1. Epigastric pain
                                                                                              2. Ferrous fumarate
                                                                                                1. Orally absorbed
                                                                                                  1. Excretion
                                                                                                    1. Feces
                                                                                                      1. Urine
                                                                                                        1. Bile
                                                                                                          1. Sweat
                                                                                                2. Clinical presentation
                                                                                                  1. Symptoms
                                                                                                    1. Iron deficiency anemia
                                                                                                      1. Fatigue
                                                                                                        1. Pica
                                                                                                          1. Spoon nails
                                                                                                            1. Palpitations
                                                                                                            2. Vitamin B12 deficiency
                                                                                                              1. Early graying of the hair
                                                                                                                1. Burning sensations in the tongue
                                                                                                                2. Aplastic anemia
                                                                                                                  1. Fatigue
                                                                                                                    1. Malaise
                                                                                                                      1. Pallor
                                                                                                                        1. Mucosal bleeding
                                                                                                                          1. purpura
                                                                                                                            1. Petechiae
                                                                                                                            2. Sickle cell anemia
                                                                                                                              1. Fatigue
                                                                                                                                1. Arthritis
                                                                                                                                  1. Swelling of peripheries
                                                                                                                                2. Physical examination
                                                                                                                                  1. Systemic examination
                                                                                                                                    1. Cardiomegaly
                                                                                                                                      1. Tenderness
                                                                                                                                        1. Splenomegaly
                                                                                                                                          1. Hepatomegaly
                                                                                                                                          2. The skin and mucosal membrane
                                                                                                                                            1. Conjuctiva
                                                                                                                                              1. Nail defects
                                                                                                                                                1. Jaundice
                                                                                                                                                  1. Ulcerations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Angiomas
                                                                                                                                                      1. Purpura
                                                                                                                                                        1. Abnormal pigmentations
                                                                                                                                                          1. Pallor
                                                                                                                                                          2. General appearance
                                                                                                                                                            1. Chronic illness
                                                                                                                                                              1. Underdevelopment
                                                                                                                                                                1. Malnutrition
                                                                                                                                                            2. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Red blood cell indices
                                                                                                                                                                1. Mean corpuscular volume
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Definition
                                                                                                                                                                    1. The Average volume of RBC in a specimen
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Normal range
                                                                                                                                                                      1. 80-100fL
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. If low: Microcytic
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Microcytic anemia
                                                                                                                                                                          2. If high: Macrocytic
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Macrocytic anemia
                                                                                                                                                                            2. if Normal: Normocytic
                                                                                                                                                                          3. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Definition
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Amount of hemoglobin in an average RBC
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Normal range
                                                                                                                                                                                1. 27-33 pg/cell
                                                                                                                                                                              3. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Definition
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Average concentration of hemoglobin in an average RBC
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Normal range
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 33-36 g/dL
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. If low: Hypochromic
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. If high: Hyperchromic
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. If normal: Normochromic
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Red cell distribution width
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Definition
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Measures the variation in RBCs size or RBC volume
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Normal range
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 11-15%
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. If elevated: Anisocytosis
                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Iron studies
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ferritin
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Intracellular storage form of iron
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Normal range: 10-120μg/L
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Serum iron
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Refers to ferric ions bound to serum transferrin
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Normal range: 9-30 μmol/L
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Transferrin
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. iront transport protein in the plasma
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Normal range: 2-4 g/L
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Transferrin saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Value of serum iron/by the total iron-binding capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Normal range: 25-50%
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Peripheral smear
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Procedure
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Red cell folate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Normal range: 317-1422 nmol/L packed cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Vitamin B12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Normal range:148-616 μmol/L
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Diagnostic tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Specificity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Positive predicted value
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Negative predicted value

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