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| Questão | Responda |
| Give the meaning of the following terms a) Prone b) Medial c) Posterior d) Ipsilateral | a) Lying face down b) Nearer the midline c) Nearer the back d) On the same side |
| Describe the position of the sagittal place | Divides the body from left to right |
| Give 4 functions of the skeleton | Framework for the body Attachment for muscles and tendons Permits movement (joints) Forms boundaries (skull) Red bone marrow forms blood cells Reservoir for minerals |
| What are the four components of an osteon? | Lamella = Extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen fibres. Give bone strength Lacunae = Space between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes Canaliculi – Network of little canals that provide a route for osteocytes to receive nutrients and remove waste Central canal = contains blood vessels and nerves |
| Describe the structure of spongy bone | Irregular lattice of trabeculae Red bone marrow |
| What is the name of the cells that form new bone? | Osteoblasts |
| What is the name of the special place in a bone around which growth occurs? | Epiphyseal plate |
| What does the term appositional growth mean? | (1 mark) Bones increase in diameter and thickness |
| Give 2 ways in which parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels | Increases osteoclast activity Increases vitamin D Increases kidney retention of calcium |
| What is the job of calcitonin? | (1 mark) Decrease blood calcium when it is too high. It inhibits osteoclasts and speeds up bone intake and deposition of calcium |
| Name the 5 parts of the axial skeleton | Skull Inner ear ossicles Throat hyoid bone Chest (thoracic cage) Vertebral column. |
| Name the 3 types of bone | Long Short Flat |
| Give example of Long bone | Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| Give example of short bone | Short - carpals and tarsals Irregular – Vertebræ, Sacrum, coccyx, Temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid |
| Give example of short bone | Short- Skull bones, Scapula, Hip bone, Sternum, Ribs Sesamoid - Patella, pisiform (carpal bone), Sesamoid bones of the 1st metatarsal of the foot |
| What is the function of the fontanelles? | Allow the baby’s head through the birth canal |
| How many intervertebral disc are there? | 24 |
| What is the medical name for the bone in the upper arm? | Humerus |
| What is the medical name for the bigger bone in the lower leg? | Tibia |
| Where are the phalanges located? | Fingers and toes |
| What does the term insertion mean? | The point of insertion is the point of attachment to the bone the muscle moves |
| What is suture and where would you find one | Fixed joint in the skull |
| Give an example of a ball and socket joint | Hip and shoulder |
| Where would you find a pivot joint | Radioulnar joint in the arm |
| What is the main function of bursa? | Cushion movement of these tissue against one another |
| What is the term used to describe moving a body part in a circle? | Circumduction |
| What does the term dorsiflexion mean? | Bending the foot up |
| What kind of structures appear white on an x-ray? | Bones, tumours, lungs with pneumonia |
| What does the term pathological fracture mean? | Fracture because bone is weakened by disease |
| Why do women become more prone to osteoporosis after the menopause | Reduction in oestrogen – Oestrogen help control osteoclast activity |
| Suggest 3 risk factors for osteoporosis | Smoking / High alcohol consumption Poor diet / Sedentary lifestyle Family history / Long term steroid use Endocrine problems e.g. inability to produce oestrogen Corticosteroid and some anti-epileptic use |
| What is rickets? | Softening of bones due to failed mineralization in the bone matrix |
| Give 3 symptoms of hypercalcaemia | Muscle weakness Lethargy Anorexia Nausea Polyuria Irregular heartbeat |
| What is the difference between a sprain and a strain? | Sprain: Trauma forcing a joint beyond this range, stretching/tearing ligament(s) A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. People commonly call strains "pulled" muscles. |
| What is the main cause of scoliosis? | Everyday imbalance (e.g. Carrying rucksack on one shoulder) |
| Whats the osteoarthritis conditions | Wear and tear v’s autoimmune Articular cartilage v’s synovial membrane Older people v’s 30-50 Asymmetric v’s Symmetrical Non-inflammatory v’s Inflammatory No additional symptoms v’s Additional symptoms |
| rheumatoid arthritis | RA – Additional Sx / Eye problems – pain in eyes or dry eyes Subcutaneous nodules Neurological complications, especially due to erosion of the C2 odontoid peg, or cruciate ligament supporting this part of the neck General malaise / Atlantoaxial subluxation and compression of the spinal cord - quadriparesis. Kidney problems |
| What is the main presenting symptom in gout? | Joint becomes red, swollen, very painful and shiny |
| Suggest 2 conditions that may be underlying in a gout sufferer | Alcohol abuse Obesity Artherosclerosis Hypertension ( High B.P.) |
| What is ankylosing spondylitis? | Chronic inflammation of spine and sacroiliac joints, often leading to spinal fusion (ankyloses) and reduced movement. |
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