The physiological
processes involved in the
realisation of sounds
EXAMPLE with
phoneme /t/.
Pulmonic egressive
voiceless alveolar
plosive
ARTICULATORY
FEATURES
Main articulators
Tongue
Upper lip
Lower lip
Upper teeth
Upper gum ridge
(alveolar ridge)
Hard palate
Soft palate (velum)
Uvula (free-hanging end
of the soft palate)
Pharyngeal wall
Glottis (space between
the vocal cords)
Places of articulation
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Dental
Alveolar
Palato-alveolar
Retroflex
Velar
Glottal
PHONOLOGY
Studies the patterns of
sounds in different
environments and in
actual speech
Sound behaviour
in realisation.
EXAMPLE with
phoneme /t/
SUPRASEGMENTAL
FEATURES
Makes up the rhythm, timing,
meter and stress of the words
and sentences spoken:
Pitch
Tone
Intonation
Loudness
Length of
sounds
Difference
between them
Phonetics: Production process
involved in physical sounds.
Phonology: Environmental factors
that shape physical sounds in actual
speech particular points of
occurrence.