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49363
Memory
Descrição
Masters Mind Body Brain Mapa Mental sobre Memory, criado por Amberlee Green em 18-04-2013.
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mind body brain
mind body brain
masters
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Amberlee Green
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Amberlee Green
mais de 11 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
Memory
AMNESIA
PSYCHOLOGICAL
1.Organic amnesia - head trauma
2.Infantile amnesia - forgetting childhood
3. Repression amnesia - forgetting events you repressed
Causes of Amnesia- stroke, head injury, herpes, anoxia (no oxygen to the brain) and korsokoffs syndrome (alcohol abuse)
Brain Areas Korsokoffs affects - subcortical Anoxia affects - Cortical
EXAMPLE - HMs epilepsy cured when temporal lobes were removed
Mostly HMs hippocampus and Amygdyla removed = he had anterograde amnesia
5. Anterograde amnesia - loss of mem after trauma
TEMPORAL
4. Retrograde amnesia - forgetting what happened before trauma
Amnesiacs good at IMPLICIT/NON-DECLARITIVE - skill learning, priming (memory triggered by cues)
3. Mann et al - amnesias impaired in recalling words (verbal) and faces (visual)
1. Reed & Squire - amnesiacs only remembered famous names (out of new vocab, pulic events & famous names) =evidence of priming
2. Schater, 1987 - also found amnesiacs better at implicit than explicit tests
EVIDENCE FOR
1. Koppelman & Stanhope, 1998 - amnesias performed the same as controls
2. Schater et al, 1995 - amnesias had impaired implicit
3. Aggleton & Brown, 1999 - these studies FOR, 'lump' all amnesias together...theres different types
EVIDENCE AGAINST
Developmental Amnesia - Jon, 34, was born prematurely with 50% reduced hippocampus. He forgets everyday objects
Enactment Effect, Englekamp, 1998 - read vs. read and perform
READ UP ON THIS!
Aggleton & Brown - Two distinct Memory Systems
Hippocampus system (remember) Perirhinal system (know)
Patient QX - damage to left dorsomedial (in perirhinal) which impaired his anterograde mem and executive functions (dual tasks, planning/organising)
Testing the memory systems - QX had 50 words to learn then showed 50 new words. Had to say whether he remembered or knew
Predicted QX could recall but wouldnt be familiar
BUT he couldn't recall but was familiar
The two system theory was incorrect
Everyday Memory
Biology of Memory
Overview of memory
Multi-store model ATKINSON & SHIFFRIN 1968
INPUT
Sensory Store
Short term store
Long term store
OUTPUT
Rehearsal into Permanent Memory Store
Rehearsal, Coding, Decisions and Retrieval
Iconic and Echoic
EVIDENCE FOR - Iconic (delayed cues impair) Echoic (suffix effect impairs auditory memory) - Sperling, 1960
EVIDENCE
SHORT TERM - Chunking, 7 Digit Span - Miller, 1957
Needs Rehearsal - Murdock, 1961
LONG TERM - Primary Recency Effect - Grazner and Kunitz, 1966
Working Memory Model BADDELEY & HITCH, 1974
Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad VSS
Central Executive CE
Phonological Loop PL
Stores for 1-2 sec > transfers visual info to speech
PL EVIDENCE - Word length effect - remember shorter words (to say out loud) Baddeley et al
Planning/Organising; dual-tasks; selective attention
CE EVIDENCE - Stroop effect (Kahnmen & Henik)
VISUAL CACHE; form + colour INNER SCRIBE; Movement/Spatial.Transfers info to CE
VSS EVIDENCE - spatial task activates right; visual task activates left - (Smith & Jonides)
Episodic Buffer - Baddeley added this later for general storage - integrates range of info into one episode w.g. driving
Long Term Memory - SQUIRE, 1992
Declaritive - Explicit (Conscious)
Episodic - events, birthdays, episodes that happened last week
Semantic - Knowledge of words/meanings
EVIDENCE - Elaborative Processing - Likability Rating (Gratzner & Madler)
Non-Declaritive - Implicit (Unconscious)
Skill Learning, Driving, Swimming, Walking
Priming - Memory prompted by cues
Conditioning - memory prompted by behaviour (dog salivating)
EVIDENCE - Shallow Processing - Letter spotting (Gratzner & Mandler)
SUMMARY - WMM better that MMM - explains partial deficits (one segment can be damaged) however limits of CE not known
NEURONS AND SYNAPSES
Neuron transmits/processes info; Synapse - area where communication occurs; Neurotransmitter - substance that communicates 1-2-1 with two neurons
Neurons learn by repeated occurence then synapse gets strengthened = structural changes. The changes increase transmission of learning = learning
Hebb Synapse - Hebb, 1949
Hebb Synapse (increased learning) leads to long-term potentiation (change) (LTP)
Behaviourally (rats condittioned to get out of murky water)
Neurophysiologically - synapses become sensitive/change in reactivity of postsynaptic neuron
LTP in hippocampus; NMDA receptors in hippocampus represent biological basis of long-term memory
Structural Changes
Habituation - decline in response to stimulus repeatedly presented
Sensitisation - system responds more strongly to a stimulus because its noxious (harmful)
Aplysia Snail - Habituation (when touched, gill withdraws but soon stops), Sensititation (pinch tail, rapid withdrawl gets stronger)
Kandel, 1991
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