PHSI3011 10-2 Adipose in Metabolism

Of the 5 cell types of adipose tissue, which are counted as the “stromal vascular fraction”?

What proportion of the volume of adipose tissues is taken up by Adipocytes (as opposed to Fibroblasts, Preadipocytes, Vascular endothelial cells, Immune cells)?

What is the effect of Insulin on each of the following things within Adipose tissue? Glucose uptake: [blank_start]__________[blank_end] Fatty Acid synthesis: [blank_start]__________[blank_end] Fatty Acid storage: [blank_start]__________[blank_end] Protein synthesis: [blank_start]__________[blank_end] Fatty Acid release: [blank_start]__________[blank_end]

Adipocytes make triglycerides from which of the following:

Adipocytes release adipokines like Leptin. Leptin is an example of which of the following:

Adipokines include which of the following:

Adipokines have been shows to influence which of the following:

True or false: Adipokines are secreted from adipocytes, but can also be secreted from other sites.

Which gene is missing in the obese “OB” mouse?

Leptin is released from the adipose tissue, then communicates with the [blank_start]__________[blank_end] to [blank_start]__________[blank_end]/[blank_start]__________[blank_end].

True or false: Most obese people are Leptin-deficient.

Define Lipodystrophy:

Leptin is a key hormone released from adipose tissue and is involved in [blank_start]__________[blank_end] metabolism in the WHOLE BODY.

True or false: Leptin therapy is a promising mode of treatment for most obese patients.

True or false: Leptin therapy is a promising mode of treatment for patients with Type 1 Diabetes.

True or false: Leptin therapy is a promising mode of treatment for patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

The adipokine Adiponectin is one of the most highly secreted proteins in our blood. Its secretion is generally [blank_start]__________[blank_end] in obesity.

[blank_start]__________[blank_end] acts to stimulate AMP-kinase to increase β-oxidation [and] increase glucose uptake into the cell.

True or false: In addition to being stimulated by some adipokines, AMP-kinase is also regulated by exercise, to stimulate energy expenditure within a cell.

Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia (with a view on adipocytes) Hypertrophy = increase in [blank_start]__________[blank_end]; Hyperplasia = increase in [blank_start]__________[blank_end].

True or false: Ectopic Lipid Accumulation is the “spill over” when adipocytes reach saturation and lipids start getting into other tissues (e.g. muscle, liver) where it causes metabolic dysfunction.

True or false: Lipodystrophy is the “spill over” when adipocytes reach saturation and lipids start getting into other tissues (e.g. muscle, liver) where it causes metabolic dysfunction.

Which of the two distributions are more strongly associated with metabolic disease? “Android” distribution – more around the upper body; “Gynoid” distribution – more around the lower body.

True or false: BMI = Body Mass Index; WHR = Waist-Hip Ratio

Someone with a higher upper-body fat distribution will need to __________ in order to maintain homeostasis.

True or false: Chronic inflammation often correlates with obesity because there’s increased migration of macrophages into the ADIPOSE tissue.

Which of the following are associated with [adipose] hypertrophy and [adipose] hyperplasia?