Neuro - Brain Development, cogitive dysfunction, and neuropsych complications

When a cell shrinks, is phagocytized, and causes no inflammation, [blank_start]apoptosis[blank_end] occurs. In [blank_start]necrosis[blank_end], the cell swells, lyses, and causes inflammation.

Which is true of neurogenesis:

Synaptogenesis, the growth of axons and dendrites to make new synaptic connections, occurs primarily in early life.

Growth of neurons in synaptogenesis is determined by glial cells.

Apoptosis results from trauma.

[blank_start]PNS[blank_end] cells can regenerate from injury. [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] cells cannot, so healing occurs that results in a [blank_start]glial[blank_end] scar that prevents regeneration.

DNA bases are marked to repress gene activity by preventing transcription in the process of [blank_start]methylation[blank_end]. Molecules attach to histone tails to alter the activity of the DNA wrapped around them in the process of [blank_start]histone modification[blank_end].

The chemical modification of DNA is called [blank_start]epigenetics[blank_end].

[blank_start]Stress[blank_end] causes the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] to release [blank_start]corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)[blank_end] to [blank_start]anterior pituitary[blank_end]. This releases [blank_start]adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)[blank_end] to [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end]. The [blank_start]adrenal glands[blank_end] release [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] which causes metabolic effects.

In rat studies, the rat mothers who spent a great deal of time licking, grooming and nursing in an arched- back position (LG/ABN) had rat babies with which of the follow characteristics:

Place the hormone secreted by each organ next to the green arrow indicating where is it released to:

What are differentials for medical symptoms without an identifiable medical etiology?

Which are true about somatization?

Which are true for factitious disorders?

Which are true for malingering?

Risk factors for Conversion Disorder include:

Internal inconsistency demonstrating that signs shown in one method of examination are not present in another is one way to demonstrate incompatibility with [blank_start]neurological disease[blank_end] in [blank_start]Conversion[blank_end] disorder. One such method is [blank_start]Hoover's[blank_end] sign, which shows normal hip strength with contralateral flexion against resistance.

The hippocampus is the main structure in the limbic system for establishing explicit memories. It forms and consolidates long-term memories from short -term memories.

Explicit or [blank_start]Declarative[blank_end] memory involves storage and retrieval of knowledge to conscious mind. Types of explicit memories are [blank_start]episodic[blank_end] (personal experiences) and [blank_start]semantic[blank_end] (naming and hierarchical knowledge). Episodic memory involves the [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end], entorhinal cortex, mamillary bodies, and thalamus. Deficits here suggest a [blank_start]memory disorder[blank_end]. Semantic memory are stored in the [blank_start]temporal lobe[blank_end].

A dementia work-up includes:

o Signs of anticholinergic delirium:

Amyloid cascade Increased [blank_start]amyloid beta (Aβ)[blank_end] aggregation causing [blank_start]plaque build-up[blank_end] is the major cause of AD, triggering [blank_start]inflammation[blank_end] and release of cytokines and free radicals that lead to progressive neurodegeneration.

In the Tau hypothesis, tau proteins become destabilized and cause tangles leading to synaptic dysfunction.