Questão 1
Questão
G1 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Questão 2
Questão
S phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Questão 3
Questão
G2 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Questão 4
Questão
M phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Questão 5
Questão
What is mitotic spindle composed of?
Responda
-
Microtubules
-
MTAP's
-
Intermediate filaments
-
Actin filaments
-
Centrioles
Questão 6
Questão
When does chromosome packaging occur?
Questão 7
Questão
There are many histone genes that can make lots of histones to match the production of DNA during S phase.
Questão 8
Questão
What is the process of mitosis?
Responda
-
Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
-
Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
Questão 9
Questão
SPACER - CELL PROLIF 1,2,3 CONTINUE AFTER FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Questão 10
Questão
What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
Responda
-
Interstitial fluid
-
Blood plasma
-
Intracellular fluid
-
Intercellular fluid
-
Red blood cells
Questão 11
Questão
[K+] in interstitial fluid > [K+] in the intracellular fluid
Questão 12
Questão
Osmolarity takes into the concentration of what two types of solutes?
Responda
-
Non-permeable
-
Permeable
-
Ionising
-
Suspending
Questão 13
Questão
In normal conditions the ICF and ECF tend to be in equilibrium at an osmolarity of around ~289mOsmol/L
Questão 14
Questão
A 300Mm solution of glucose = A 300Mm solution of NaCl
Questão 15
Questão
If there is not osmotic balance, how can the cell try to bring back balance?
Responda
-
Selective opening and closing of ion channels
-
Opening all the ion channels
-
Pumping water out via active transport pumps
Questão 16
Questão
Tonicity only considers which type of solute?
Responda
-
Non-permeable
-
Permeable
-
Ionising
-
Suspending
Questão 17
Questão
The osmotic pressure is dependent on the total concentration of all solutes.
Questão 18
Questão
The osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to prevent inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Questão 19
Questão
With osmolarity problems, the permeable solute will move to concentrations of lower permeable solute. With tonicity problems, water will move to the area with the highest concentration of non-permeable solute.
Questão 20
Questão
A small change in the concentration of organic ions creates a small potential difference across the membrane.
Questão 21
Questão
If K+ leaves the cell, the negative charge created in the cell will attract the positive K+ back into the cell and therefore there is typically no net movement of ions.
Questão 22
Questão
Why is Goldmann's equation more useful than Nernst's?
Responda
-
Goldmann's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Nernst's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
-
Nernst's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Goldmann's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
Questão 23
Questão
Ions with a greater concentration outside of the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Questão 24
Questão
Ions with a greater concentration inside the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Questão 25
Questão
The RMP of a cell is closest to potassium because potassium is the most permeable ion. RMP is determined by the membranes high permeability to potassium.
Questão 26
Questão
Necrosis damages surrounding cells because of hydrolytic enzyme release from what organelle?
Responda
-
Lysosomes
-
Peroxisomes
-
Mitochondria
-
Golgi apparatus
Questão 27
Responda
-
Controlled cell death
-
Uncontrolled cell death
Questão 28
Questão
What is happening in the first stage of apoptosis?
Responda
-
The cell shrivels
-
The nucleus fragments
-
The plasma membrane breaks down
-
Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
-
Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Questão 29
Questão
What is happening in the second stage of apoptosis?
Responda
-
The cell shrivels
-
The nucleus fragments
-
The plasma membrane breaks down
-
Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
-
Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Questão 30
Questão
What is happening in the third stage of apoptosis?
Responda
-
The cell shrivels
-
The nucleus fragments
-
The plasma membrane breaks down
-
Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
-
Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Questão 31
Questão
The ECM are basement membrane are needed for development of cells. Without these factors, the cell has a disorganised structure.
Questão 32
Questão
Why do burns victims not have a good prognosis?
Responda
-
The basement membrane is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
-
The cytoskeleton is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
-
The granular layer of epidermis is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
Questão 33
Questão
Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that are bound to ECM trigger active intracellular responses that impact on cell proliferation / attachments.
Questão 34
Questão
Various cell factors may tell the cell to do which of the following things?
Responda
-
Proliferate (Growth factors)
-
Become dormant (Survival factors)
-
Differentiate (Differentiation factors)
-
Undergo apoptosis (Death signal)
-
Necrotise (Necrotic factors)
-
Expand (Expansive factor)
Questão 35
Questão
Mitogenic growth factors have effect from the start of G1 until which stage of the cell cycle?
Responda
-
S phase
-
G1
-
G2
-
M
-
R point - 3/4 through G1
Questão 36
Questão
When growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors, what happens intracellularly?
Questão 37
Questão
Phosphorylation of Tyr residues produces intracellular effects
Questão 38
Questão
Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell death.
Questão 39
Questão
Proteins recognise phosphorylated tyrosine domains. GDP is then substituted for GTP in RAS. Why is the hydrolysis of GTP important?
Questão 40
Questão
Without checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle, such as the role of TGF-b, loss of checkpoints occur and genomic instability and thus cell proliferation occurs.
Questão 41
Questão
Cyclin proteins increase the quantity of Cyclin dependent kinases.
Questão 42
Questão
Growth factors and Integrins result in Cyclin D production which helps to progress the cell through the cell cycle
Questão 43
Questão
pRb is the guardian of S phase.
Questão 44
Questão
The function of CDK inhibitors such as p21 is to inhibit the cell cycle and prevent excessive cell proliferation (e.g. if damaged DNA is detected).
Questão 45
Questão
If a CDK inhibitor is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, its inhibitory effect is stopped.
Questão 46
Questão
What are triggers for apoptosis to occur?
Questão 47
Questão
Which protein receives information about metabolic disorders and genetic damage within the cell and initiates repair (minor) or apoptosis (major)?
Questão 48
Questão
The intrinsic pathway that initiates apoptosis involves what signal that causes release of cytochrome c?
Questão 49
Questão
BCL-2 can keep Cytochrome C trapped in the mitochondria; prevent apoptosis.