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1_Object Permanence

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Quiz sobre 1_Object Permanence, criado por murat sertay em 15-08-2016.
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Which approach did Piaget (1936, 1953) subscribe to?
Responda
  • Constructivism
  • Behaviourism
  • Evolutionary
  • Biological
  • Sociological

Questão 2

Questão
When, according to Piaget (1936, 1953), do the first signs of object permanence appear in infants?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 3

Questão
According to Piaget's substages, when will an infant lift the cloth to search for a hidden toy?
Responda
  • Before 6 - 7 months
  • 6 - 7 months
  • 8 - 9 months

Questão 4

Questão
For Piaget, infants tend to consistently make the A-not-B error because they do not have a full understanding of object permanence yet. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 5

Questão
Identify one key criticism that can explain why infants consistently make the A-not-B error.
Responda
  • Ancillary deficits (e.g. attention, motor cortices, cognition)
  • Not yet developed full intelligence
  • Lack of self-confidence
  • Lack of resources

Questão 6

Questão
Invisible displacement is when objects are removed from the view of infants when they are not paying attention. This is often used to test their competency in object permanence and does not fully develop until substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old). Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 7

Questão
According to Piaget's substages, infants obtain full understanding of object permanence when infants can:
Responda
  • Understand invisible displacement
  • Can complete accurate A-B searching
  • Can represent stationary objects
  • At 12 months old
  • Understand both invisible displacement and mental representations

Questão 8

Questão
According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), object permanence research that uses occlusion only works when:
Responda
  • The object moves
  • The object remains still
  • The entire object is separated and moves in different directions
  • The entire object moves as one

Questão 9

Questão
The findings from Kellman and Spelke's (1983) experiment did little to challenge Piaget's substages. True or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 10

Questão
The Kellman and Spelke (1983) experiment challenge which theory?
Responda
  • Constructivism
  • Nativism
  • Behaviourism
  • All of them
  • None of them

Questão 11

Questão
Baillargeon (1985, 1987) found that object permanence exists in before infants are 6 months old. True or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 12

Questão
In Baillargeon's (1985, 1987) research, where was the focus of the infants predicated on?
Responda
  • The possible or control event (112 degrees)
  • The impossible event (180 degrees)
  • Neither, it was something else
  • She didn't talk about it
  • None of the above

Questão 13

Questão
Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling (2000) countered Aguiar and Baillargeon's (1999) findings, by:
Responda
  • Questioning whether infants had object permanence, it was something else (e.g. novelty)
  • Questioning the ethics of the experiment
  • Questioning the ERPs of the infants when observing both the habituation and test phases
  • All of the above
  • They didn't actually question the research

Questão 14

Questão
Ruffman, Redman, and Slade (2005) investigated the anticipatory looking action done by infants when observing object permanence. It counterargued Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling's (2000) understanding of previous research into object permanence at less than 6 months old. They argued that:
Responda
  • Infants must anticipate what will happen next based on their (limited) understanding, so it cannot be novelty
  • Infants have the motor cognitions pre-birth to understand the basics of object permanence
  • Infants are a lot more understanding of concepts at a younger age than a lot of research tends to argue
  • They didn't argue

Questão 15

Questão
Ahmed and Ruffman (1998) investigated why infants make A-not-B errors in search tasks, but show memory for hidden object locations in non-search tasks. According to the findings, where were the infants' attention placed the most?
Responda
  • On the impossible (area A) location for the object
  • On the possible (area B) location for the object

Questão 16

Questão
What could be drawn from Ahmed and Ruffman's (1998) findings on the A-not-B search/non-search experiment?
Responda
  • Infants show some memory understanding of previous object locations
  • Infants still do not show memory understanding of previous object locations
  • Infants cannot infer where an object has previously been
  • The results were inconclusive

Questão 17

Questão
Some believe that infants do have an understanding of object permanence, however, other variables are too overpowering - such as ancillary deficits (e.g. memory, inhibition, means-end reasoning) - for it to be effective. True or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 18

Questão
Some believe that infants don't have understanding of object permanence, only partial. Looking and reaching activate two separate understandings of knowledge (explicit and implicit). Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 19

Questão
According to Munakta (1998), the concept of object permanence and graded representation comes in stages and becomes stronger as infants grow older. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 20

Questão
There is evidence to suggest that object permanence is innate. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 21

Questão
There is evidence to suggest that Piaget's theories on object permanence start earlier than he thought. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 22

Questão
According to the theoretical position that infants do not fully grasp object permanence, looking is:
Responda
  • An implicit area of knowledge
  • An explicit area of knowledge
  • Neither
  • Both

Questão 23

Questão
For infants, what is mental representation?
Responda
  • When they can arrive at solutions to problems rather than through trial-and-error
  • When they can mentally represent the issues in front of them or away from the stimulus
  • When they can mentally represent their models (e.g. parents) away from the stimuli
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Questão 24

Questão
For infants, what is deferred imitation?
Responda
  • When they expect others to imitate their actions
  • When they can remember and repeat the behaviours of others when not present
  • When they attempt to use their own behaviour and represent them in toys that they have
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Questão 25

Questão
Deferred imitation is shown to be present in babies:
Responda
  • Less than 2 months old
  • At 4 months old
  • At 6 months old
  • At 8 months old
  • At 12 months old

Questão 26

Questão
For infants, analogical problem solving is:
Responda
  • When they apply a solution for one problem to a number of others
  • When they apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular
  • When they cannot apply a solution for one problem to a number of others
  • When they cannot apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular

Questão 27

Questão
For infants, displaced reference is:
Responda
  • Using words to cue images of objects not present
  • Using actions to cue images of objects that are not present
  • Using the environment to cue images of objects that are not present
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Questão 28

Questão
For infants, goal-oriented or intentional behaviour appears at:
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years)

Questão 29

Questão
When Piaget hid a toy behind a transparent cover, the infant (between 8 - 12 months old) pushed away his hand to reveal it again. This showed that infants at Substage 4 have understood:
Responda
  • Object permanence
  • Means-end action sequences
  • Invisible displacement
  • Deferred imitation

Questão 30

Questão
It can be argued that violation-of-expectation fully examples that infants consciously understand object displacement and permanence, both with looking and reaching. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 31

Questão
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to examine their own reflexes?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 32

Questão
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to use simple motor habits that are centered around the infant's own body?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 33

Questão
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now start to aim at repeating interesting effects of their actions in the surrounding world (eg, familiar behaviours)?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 34

Questão
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now learn intentional - or goal-directed - behaviour, as well as obtain initial understandings of object permanence?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 35

Questão
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to explore the properties of objects by acting in novel ways, imitate novel behaviours, and are able to search in several locations for a hidden object (accurate A-B searching)?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1- 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 36

Questão
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now have internal depictions of objects and events (eg, mental representations) when problem-solving, fully understand invisible displacement, deferred imitation, and make-believe play?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 37

Questão
A circular reaction is that - circular - because:
Responda
  • Infants attempt to repeat it again and again
  • Infants attempt to replicate it in front of others

Questão 38

Questão
According to Kaye and Marcus (1981), are infants able to adapt flexibly and quickly enough to imitate novel behaviours?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 39

Questão
For infants, object permanence is the understanding that:
Responda
  • Objects continue to exist when out of their sight
  • Objects continue to exist throughout the rest of their lives

Questão 40

Questão
At which sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do infants begin to better anticipate future events (eg, seeing their mother putting on their coat and begging them not to leave)?
Responda
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Questão 41

Questão
What is make-believe play?
Responda
  • When children act out everyday and imaginary scenarios
  • When children deliberately involve their parents into authentic situations

Questão 42

Questão
For a purely perceptual organism that has no cognition, an object would:
Responda
  • Cease to exist
  • Remain

Questão 43

Questão
Understanding of an object's continued existence requires what?
Responda
  • Time and space
  • Only time
  • Only space

Questão 44

Questão
According to Piaget and constructivism, errors in A-B searching show:
Responda
  • Deficits in knowledge
  • Functional impairment
  • Genetic deficiencies

Questão 45

Questão
For Piaget, babies make errors in object permanence because of knowledge deficits. What does it use?
Responda
  • Gradual construction
  • Innate programming

Questão 46

Questão
For some others, babies may have full understanding, however, things get in the way. For example, Diamond (1985) suggested it to be memory-based. Butterworth (1975) found that:
Responda
  • Babies still make errors with transparent containers
  • Babies can still identify transparent containers as well

Questão 47

Questão
Diamond (1985) suggested that understanding comes from inhibition or habit. Horobin and Arcedolo (1986) found that there were:
Responda
  • More deficits when the containers were far apart than close
  • Less deficits when the containers were far apart than close

Questão 48

Questão
At what stage can babies; accurately search A-B, represent objects when they are invisible (when they are stationary, but not when both invisible and moving), but not handle invisible displacements?
Responda
  • 12-18 months
  • 18-24 months

Questão 49

Questão
At what stage can babies; handle invisible displacements, represent rather than perceive, and handle full object permanence?
Responda
  • 12-18 months
  • 18-24 months

Questão 50

Questão
________ is a technique used to dishabituate individuals (primarily children) by going against what they thought was going to happen.
Responda
  • Dishabituation circumstance
  • Violation of expectation
  • Denial of visuality

Questão 51

Questão
According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), reaching under an occluder...
Responda
  • Only works when the object is separate (or halved)
  • Only works when the entire object is moving in one direction

Questão 52

Questão
Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that their results:
Responda
  • Criticised Piaget's time scale, because 4-month-olds can do the task as well
  • Supported the Piaget findings

Questão 53

Questão
Kellman and Spelke's (1983) findings were:
Responda
  • For the Nativist position
  • Against the Nativist position

Questão 54

Questão
Subsequent findings on what Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that:
Responda
  • Children do not fill in the object, only perceive it
  • Children can perceive the rod as well to be filled (Gestalt)

Questão 55

Questão
According to subsequent research into the Kellman and Spelke (1983) findings, do children look at the rod more or everything else around it?
Responda
  • Children look at the rod
  • Children don't care about the rod

Questão 56

Questão
The Baillargeon (1985, 1987) findings supported or criticised the Piaget stance on object permanence?
Responda
  • Evidence of object permanence, one cannot pass through another
  • Not evidence for object permanence, needs more research

Questão 57

Questão
The effects for total occlusion in the Aguiar and Baillargeon (1999) study showed it to be apparent at what age?
Responda
  • 1 month
  • 2 months
  • 2.5 months

Questão 58

Questão
According to Ruffman, Slade, and Redman (2005), infants:
Responda
  • Do have to anticipate where the object will be next
  • Do not need to anticipate anything

Questão 59

Questão
In ancillary deficits, means-end reasoning refers to:
Responda
  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object
  • Searching but getting distracted
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous search task may still be ongoing

Questão 60

Questão
In ancillary deficits, attention refers to:
Responda
  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object
  • Searching, but also becoming distracted
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous searching may still be ongoing

Questão 61

Questão
In ancillary deficits, memory refers to:
Responda
  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object
  • Searching, but also becoming distracted
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous task searching may still be ongoing

Questão 62

Questão
In ancillary deficits, inhibition refers to:
Responda
  • Having to logically reason where an object could be
  • Becoming distracted by searching
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous task search may still be ongoing

Questão 63

Questão
Graded representation refers to:
Responda
  • Concepts developing in gradual stages
  • Concepts representing themselves

Questão 64

Questão
For whom does understanding become 'fuller'?
Responda
  • Piaget
  • Munakata

Questão 65

Questão
For whom does understanding become 'stronger'?
Responda
  • Piaget
  • Munkata

Questão 66

Questão
Berk (2012) suggested that babies still make the accurate A-B search error when:
Responda
  • They search in A, watch it go to B, but still look in A anyway
  • They search in A, watch it go to B, and follow it to B

Questão 67

Questão
"...enables toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement - finding a toy moved while out of sight, such as into a small box while under a cover" Berk (2012). What is this an understanding of?
Responda
  • Mental representation
  • Graded representation

Questão 68

Questão
In which temporal lobe did infants display a particular brain-wave pattern that is also seen in adults when they sustain a mental image of an object?
Responda
  • Right temporal lobe
  • Left temporal lobe

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