Clin Path-Lymphocytes

[blank_start]Pluripotent stem cell[blank_end]: a self-renewing cell which gives rise to committed stem cells when stimulated. [blank_start]Colony forming units (CFU)[blank_end]: stem cells committed to production of a single cell type (for example, eosinophils). An exception to this is CFU-GM (colony forming unit - granulocyte-monocyte), which splits further into neutrophil and monocyte producing stem cells. [blank_start]Blast cell[blank_end]: a young undifferentiated cell with one or more visible nucleoli. It is one step beyond the CFU stage and can be recognized in bone marrow aspirates as rubriblasts or myeloblasts. [blank_start]Granulocyte[blank_end]: a white blood cell (leukocyte) with cytoplasmic granules (neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil). Therefore, lymphocytes and monocytes are leukocytes but are not granulocytes. This designation ignores the fact that some lymphocytes contain granules, but life isn=t perfect, is it?

2 types of neutrophils are present in the circulation of a healthy animal: the vast majority are mature [blank_start]segmented[blank_end] neutrophils, with a few [blank_start]band[blank_end] neutrophils also seen. Higher numbers of [blank_start]band neutrophils[blank_end] signify inflammation. In clinical pathology, we mean a segmented neutrophil if we just say neutrophil and band neutrophils are specifically called bands or band neutrophils. Segmented neutrophils have a segmented nucleus (with a dark condensed chromatin pattern) connected by thin strands. Segmented neutrophils from female animals may have a [blank_start]Barr body[blank_end] - a drumstick shaped extension of the nucleus. Band neutrophils classically have a U-shaped nucleus (can be other shapes, such as C or S shaped). Cytoplasm of neutrophils is typically [blank_start]non-staining[blank_end] or very faintly pink or blue - granules are present but they are not usually possible to see with a light microscope. The same cell type in birds, fish, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits have [blank_start]pinker[blank_end] staining granules and are sometimes (not always, depends on the reference) called [blank_start]heterophils[blank_end]. The current preferred term is still neutrophils

Select all the following that may cause neutrophilia

Which of the following is part of the proliferation pool of neutrophils?

Select the following that are stages of neutrophil life stages?

In most species, approximately equal numbers of neutrophils in the blood are in the circulating (50 %) and marginating (50 %) pools

In most species, approximately equal numbers of neutrophils in the blood are in the circulating ([blank_start]50[blank_end] %) and marginating (50 %) pools. The cat differs in that ~[blank_start]75[blank_end] % of blood neutrophils are in the marginating pool, with only ~[blank_start]25[blank_end] % freely circulating.

It generally takes [blank_start]3[blank_end]-[blank_start]5[blank_end] days before you will see any evidence of increased segmented neutrophil numbers in the bloodstream as a result of increased bone marrow production.

Which of the following is not a morphological characteristic of monocytes?

monocytes are short-lived cells that remain in the tissue and can produce more macrophages.

Connective tissue histiocytes, osteoclasts, microglial cells in the nervous system, Kupffer cells in the liver and Langerhan's cells in the skin are all examples of tissue fixed monocytes

which of the following does NOT cause increased monocytosis?

a marked monocytosis is often seen with acute inflammation

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils cannot be differentiated visually until the myelocyte stage when specific granules appear

Eosinophilia due to parasites occurs only when sensitivity to parasite proteins has developed and these proteins are then exposed to body tissues or the bloodstream to trigger an increase in eosinophil production and release into the blood.

basophils

Basophils, like mast cells, they are involved in immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity reactions. • When a specific antigen binds to [blank_start]IgE[blank_end] bound to the basophil surface, degranulation and release of granule components occurs. • Granules contain numerous substances, including [blank_start]histamine[blank_end] and heparin

After neutrophils, these are the most common circulating leukocyte in domestic animals, including mature cattle

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Production and kinetics of lymphocytes?

Which of the following can alter WBC count numbers?

Which of the following statements regarding neutrophil toxicity is true?

Degenerate neutrophils were once normal but have been altered at the tissue site. Toxic neutrophils were never normal since the alteration is one of cytoplasmic maturation.

These are pale blue-grey variably shaped and shaped aggregates of abnormal rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. They are one of the earliest changes to occur with toxicity, so they can be seen in any situation of mild toxicity

This is due to escape of hydrolytic enzymes and the presence of increased amounts of basophilic staining RNA. The cytoplasm has a foamy appearance and is more blue than normal.

Physiologic leukocytosis -Mild [blank_start]neutrophilia[blank_end] without a left shift -Lymphocytes are most often mildly to moderately [blank_start]increased[blank_end] -no evidence of monocytosis Corticosteroid (stress) response -neutrophilia with [blank_start]no left shift[blank_end] -[blank_start]lymphopenia[blank_end] often mild to marked -[blank_start]monocytosis[blank_end]

Protein/fibrinogen ratios are calculated as P/F or rarely as (P-F)/F • If the reason for the increased fibrinogen concentration is dehydration, the total protein concentration should also be increased, and the P/F ratio will be [blank_start]15[blank_end] or higher. • If the reason for the increased fibrinogen concentration is inflammation, the total protein concentration will not rise proportionately, and the P/F ratio will be [blank_start]10[blank_end] or less. • If we calculate a P/F ratio of [blank_start]10[blank_end]-[blank_start]15[blank_end], we cannot really make any conclusions (grey zone).

If you see a low (<10) P/F ratio

There is individual variability in P/F ratios in animals

select the following responsible for neutropenia

in cattle specifically, which would cause lymphocytosis?