Inverted U Theory

(The relationship between arousal and the level of expertise or phase of learning)
The inverted U principle for different tasks
The Inverted U Principle
The inverted U theory predicts that as arousal increases so does the quality of performance. Quality improves improves up to a point mid-way along the arousal axis
1. This point is called the optimum point or the threshold of arousal and predicts that best performance occurs at moderate levels or arousal
  1. This is the perfect state in which the potential to learn and perform well is maximised
At the optimum point the attention of the individual adjusts to the ideal width and as a result the learner and performer is able to concentrate fully
With increased focus the performer detects only the most important information. This process of selective attentiveness is called cue-utilisation
When under-aroused concentration is lost because the attention field of the performer widens excessively
1. The results in information overload
Over-arousal causes the field of attention to narrow excessively and as a result the relevant environmental cues are missed
1. This results in hypervigilence
Variation of Optimum Point of Arousal
1. Personality
  1. The person has an extroverted personality type performs and learns best under conditions of higher arousal, Conversely introverted function most effectively at a lower threshold of arousal
2. Level of experience
  1. An experienced athlete would reach their maximum performance when arousal is high. The novice would perform best when their optimum point is lower
3. Type of task
  1. Fine movements & complex skills (which require large amount of attention) require a lower arousal level, Whereas tackling in football or rugby requires a high level of arousal (which helps skills requiring speed or strength)

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Inverted U Theory

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