Frage 1
Antworten
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are chemical regulators that are conveyed from one organ to another via the blood stream
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may be secreted by endocrine glands
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may be secreted by nerve cells
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act only on target cells
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all of the above
Frage 2
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For an action potential to occur
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the stimulus must reach or exceed threshold
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K+ influx must exceed Na+ efflux
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The cell membrane must be out of the relative refractory period
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The cell membrane must be in absolutely refractory period
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Cl- influx must exceed K+ efflux
Frage 3
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During the rising phase of the action potential
Antworten
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voltage-gated Na+ channels open
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voltage-gated K+ channels open
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voltage-gated Na+ channels close
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voltage-gated K+ channels close
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voltage-gated Cl- channels apex
Frage 4
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The concept of homeostasis
Antworten
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refers to the unwavering control of a physiological set point
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refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition
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refers only to the regulation of body temperature
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refers to maintaining a stable external environment
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refers to the 'all-or-one' law
Frage 5
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The plasma membrane
Antworten
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is permeable to lipophilic molecules
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may contain proteins, which confer iron permeability
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may burst in hypotonic extracellular solutions
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can generate action potentials in excitable cells
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all of the above
Frage 6
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Overcooling the nerve will cause
Antworten
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decrease of the threshold
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increase of the liability
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increase of the excitability
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increase of the threshold
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increased release of neurotransmitters
Frage 7
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The properties of local response:
Antworten
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'all-or-none’ law
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transmission with energy consumption
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without energy consumption
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summation
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excitability is decreased
Frage 8
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A “less negative" membrane potential means:
Frage 9
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The membrane of a typical resting neuron is largely impermeable to
Antworten
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Na+
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K+
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Cl-
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Ca2+
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none of the above
Frage 10
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The ion with the lowest intracellular concentration is:
Frage 11
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The most common intracellular cation is:
Antworten
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calcium
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sodium
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potassium
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phosphorus
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magnesium
Frage 12
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What is the normal pH value of body fluid?
Antworten
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7.15-7.25
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7.35-7.45
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7.55-7.65
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7.00-7.35
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6.5-7.5
Frage 13
Frage
Which of the following requires energy?
Antworten
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Diffusion
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Osmosis
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Active transport
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Facilitated diffusion
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Filtration
Frage 14
Frage
Which of the following is not found in the cell membrane?
Antworten
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Cholestrol
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Phospholipids
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Proteins
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Galactose
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Nucleic acids
Frage 15
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The local response is:
Antworten
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A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a subthreshold stimulus and propagated along the nerve cell membrane
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A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a superthreshold stimulus and propagated along the nerve cell membrane
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A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a subthreshold stimulus and could be registered only at the site of irritation
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A potential that is generated on the postsynaptic membrane as a result of the action of a mediator
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A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a superthreshold stimulus and could be registered only at the site of irritation
Frage 16
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The oculocardiac reflex is an example of:
Frage 17
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Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter with the highest affinity to:
Frage 18
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The parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons of the ANS secrete
Antworten
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Nor-epinephrine (98%) and epinephrine (2%)
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Acetylcholine
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L-DOPA
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Nor-epinephrine (2%) and epinephrine (98%)
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Epinephrine (80%) and nor-epinephrine (20%)
Frage 19
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The critical (firing) level of depolarization is
Antworten
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a level of AP at which depolarization goes into repolarisation
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a level of AP at which repolarization goes into depolarization
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a degree of depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane at which further action of the neurotransmitter is abolished
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a degree of depolarization of the nerve cell membrane at which its sources of energy are completely exhausted
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a degree of depolarization of the excitable membrane at which its intensity does not depend on irritant action
Frage 20
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A structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise) with excitatory or inhibitory effects is called:
Frage 21
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H1 receptors are situated an the smooth muscle cell membrane of the:
Antworten
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gastrointestinal tract
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urinary tract
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bronchi
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uterus
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blood vessels
Frage 22
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The adrenergic effect an the cardiac conduction system and working myocardium is exercised by affecting:
Antworten
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M-choline receptors
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α1 receptors
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α2 receptors
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β1 receptors
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β2 receptors
Frage 23
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The parasympathetic spinal centers, regulating the reservoir functions, are situated in the following
Antworten
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C8-Th1
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Th1-Th8
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Th10-L2
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S2-S4
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L2-L4
Frage 24
Frage
Facilitated diffusion is a mechanism:
Antworten
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Connected with loss of energy
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For transporting substances against their concentration gradient
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Connected with membrane polarity
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That works with the help of a carrier in the membrane
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For transporting lipid soluble substances through the membrane
Frage 25
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A distinguishing feature of the membrane potential at rest is:
Antworten
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high permeability for K+ ions
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low permeability for Cl- ions
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low permeability for Na+ and high for K+ ions
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the small difference between the equilibrium potentials for Na+ and K+ ions
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low permeability for Na+
Frage 26
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Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter which has:
Antworten
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always an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic membrane
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always an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane
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excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane depending on the type of receptors
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excitatory or inhibitory effect depending on the amount released
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no effect on the postsynaptic membrane
Frage 27
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The common expression of excitation is:
Frage 28
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Curare is a substance that blocks
Frage 29
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An example of a ligand dependent membrane is
Frage 30
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Throughout the relative refractory period:
Antworten
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the excitability becomes equal to zero
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the excitability is equal to that at rest
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the excitability is higher than that at rest
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accommodation occurs
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the excitability is lower than that at rest
Frage 31
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Na/K pump is called electrogenic, because:
Antworten
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exports equal amount of Na+ and K+
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imports equal amount of Na+ and K+
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exchanges equal amount of Na+ and K+
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the exchanged amount of Na+, and K+ is not equal
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none of the above
Frage 32
Frage
The conditioned reflexes are:
Frage 33
Frage
Which of the statements is not true:
Antworten
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at the chemical synapse transmission of excitation is one way
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at most of the electrical synapses transmission is two-way
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the velocity of transmission of excitation is higher at the chemical synapses than at the electrical ones
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the velocity of transmission of excitation is greater at the electrical synapses than at the chemical ones
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when there is continuous excitation at a synapse, fatigue occurs
Frage 34
Frage
Which is the basic inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS:
Antworten
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Glutamate
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Substance P
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Neuropeptide 4
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GABA
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Nitric Oxide
Frage 35
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The basic factor for the ion asymmetry on both sides of the excitable membrane is
Antworten
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Ca++ pump and the low permeability for Na+
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Na+ pump and the low permeability for Na+
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Na+/K+ pump and the low permeability for Na+
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K+ pump and the high permeability for Na+
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Iodine pump
Frage 36
Frage
The velocity of AP propagation along the axon membrane depends on:
Antworten
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the strength of irritation
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the duration of irritation
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the cross sectional area of the axon
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the direction of its propagation
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the threshold
Frage 37
Frage
The sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete:
Antworten
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norepinephrine (98%) and epinephrine (2%)
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acetylcholine
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L-DOPA
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norepinephrine (2%) and epinephrine (98%)
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epinephrine (20%) and norepinephrine (80%)
Frage 38
Frage
The result of activated α1-adrenergic receptors is:
Antworten
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relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles and contraction of the sphincters
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constriction of the vessels smooth muscle
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increased heart rate
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dilation of the vessels smooth muscle and relaxation of the uterus
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none of the above
Frage 39
Frage
The result of activated α2-adrenergic receptors is:
Antworten
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relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles and contraction of the sphincters
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constriction of the vessels smooth muscle
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increased heart rate
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dilation of the vessels smooth muscle and relaxation of the uterus
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none of the above
Frage 40
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Protein synthesis occurs at the
Antworten
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mitochondria
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lysosomes
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within the nucleus
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ribosomes
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vacuoles
Frage 41
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During repolarization of the cell membrane:
Antworten
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Na+ move inside of the cell
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Na+ move outside of the cell
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K+ move inside of the cell
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K+ move outside of the cell
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Cl- move outside of the cell
Frage 42
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In a cell, movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration:
Antworten
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uses facilitated diffusion
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requires cellular energy
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is passive transport
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requires both cellular energy and facilitated diffusion
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uses its concentration gradient to move
Frage 43
Frage
Movement of solvent and dissolved substances across a cell membrane by hydrostatic pressure is:
Antworten
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filtration
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facilitated diffusion
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osmosis
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simple diffusion
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active transport
Frage 44
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The substance acetylcholine (ACh) is released from synaptic vesicles by the process of:
Antworten
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phagocytosis
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simple diffusion
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passive transport
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exocytosis
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endocytosis
Frage 45
Antworten
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are formed entirely by protein molecules
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are impermeable to fat soluble substances
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in some tissues permit transport of glucose at a greater rate in the presence of insulin
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are not changed throughout life
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are permeable to water soluble substances
Frage 46
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Proteins that are secreted by cells are generally:
Antworten
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not synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to endoplasmic reticulum
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synthesized in the mitochondria
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packed in the Golgi apparatus
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across the cell membrane by endocytosis
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synthesized in the lysosomes
Frage 47
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The unique feature in mitochondria is:
Antworten
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myosin
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actin
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DNA
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prothrombin
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haemoglobin
Frage 48
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The resting membrane potential of a cell:
Antworten
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is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane to K+ being greater to Na+
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falls to zero if Na+/K+ ATPase in the membrane is inhibited
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is equal to the equilibrium potential for K+
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is equal to the equilibrium potential of Na+
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is equal to the equilibrium potential of Cl-
Frage 49
Frage
Many substances are removed from the cell to the outside by:
Antworten
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pinocytosis
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chemotaxis
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phagocytosis
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exocytosis
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endocytosis
Frage 50
Frage
An example of co-transport is:
Antworten
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Na+-K+ pump
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Ca++ pump
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Na+-H+ pump
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Na+ glucose transport
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Na/Ca pump
Frage 51
Antworten
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are the Chief site for lipid synthesis
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are the chief site for protein synthesis
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are the chief sites for generation of ATP
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are more numerous in white than in brown fat cells
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are absent near the membranes of actively secreting cells
Frage 52
Frage
The endoplasmic reticulum:
Antworten
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is a complex system of intracellular tubules
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has a membrane structure similar to the cell membrane
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is associated with ribonucleoprotein
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is well developed in secretory cells
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all of the above
Frage 53
Frage
The mammalian cell membrane:
Antworten
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is seen as an optically dense line using light microscopy
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consists mainly of protein
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is more permeable to fat- than to water-soluble particles
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contains enzymes DNA
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contains the receptors for steroid hormones
Frage 54
Frage
Membrane ion channels:
Antworten
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consist mainly of carbohydrates and lipids
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have a specific structure for each ion species
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for sodium may be blocked by tetrodotoxin
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consist mainly of lipids
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remain open as long as the activating signal is present
Frage 55
Frage
The speed of conduction of a nerve impulse can be determined by which of the following factors?
1. temperature 2. diameter of axon 3. stimulus frequency 4. myelin sheath; 5. stimulus strength
Antworten
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1,3, 5 and 4
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1, 2 and 3
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3 and 1
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3 and 2
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4, 2 and 1
Frage 56
Frage
The junction between one neuron and the next, or between a neuron and an effector is called:
Antworten
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a synapse
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a dendrite
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a neurotransmitter
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a ventricle
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none of the above
Frage 57
Frage
Which of the following blocks acetylcholine receptor sites causing muscle relaxation?
Antworten
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novocain
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curare
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nicotine
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nerve gases
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carbon monoxide
Frage 58
Frage
Transmission across a synapse is dependent on the release of?
Antworten
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neurotransmitters
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synaptic vesicle
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neurons
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receptor proteins
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hormones
Frage 59
Frage
Saltatory conduction:
Antworten
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occurs only in myelinated fibres
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has a slower velocity in cold than in warm conditions
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is faster than non-saltatory conduction in nerve fibres with diameters around 10 μm
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transmits impulses with a velocity proportional to fibre diameter
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all of them
Frage 60
Frage
An action potential in a nerve fibre:
Antworten
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occurs when its membrane potential is hyperpolarized to a critical level
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is associated with a transient increase in membrane permeability to sodium
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is associated with a transient decrease in membrane permeability to potassium
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induces local response
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has an amplitude which varies directly with the strength of stimulus